Abstract
Sensor simulators can be used in forecasting the imaging quality of a new hyperspectral imaging spectrometer, and generating simulated data for the development and validation of the data processing algorithms. This paper presents a novel digital sensor simulator for the pushbroom Offner hyperspectral imaging spectrometer, which is widely used in the hyperspectral remote sensing. Based on the imaging process, the sensor simulator consists of a spatial response module, a spectral response module, and a radiometric response module. In order to enhance the simulation accuracy, spatial interpolation-resampling, which is implemented before the spatial degradation, is developed to compromise the direction error and the extra aliasing effect. Instead of using the spectral response function (SRF), the dispersive imaging characteristics of the Offner convex grating optical system is accurately modeled by its configuration parameters. The non-uniformity characteristics, such as keystone and smile effects, are simulated in the corresponding modules. In this work, the spatial, spectral and radiometric calibration processes are simulated to provide the parameters of modulation transfer function (MTF), SRF and radiometric calibration parameters of the sensor simulator. Some uncertainty factors (the stability, band width of the monochromator for the spectral calibration, and the integrating sphere uncertainty for the radiometric calibration) are considered in the simulation of the calibration process. With the calibration parameters, several experiments were designed to validate the spatial, spectral and radiometric response of the sensor simulator, respectively. The experiment results indicate that the sensor simulator is valid.
Highlights
Compared with the whiskbroom imaging spectrometer, the pushbroom imaging spectrometer, with a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), has been widely used in airborne and spaceborne remote sensing [1,2]
For the launched and developing pushbroom hyperspectral imaging spectrometers, the Offner dispersive imaging system is popular for its many advantages, such as low aberrations, a wide flat field, a compact size, and a high speed [3,4,5,6,7]
With responsibility for indicating the dispersive imaging ability of the hyperspectral imaging spectrometer, several sensor simulators were developed as part of the core sub-modules of the end-to-end remote sensing simulation model [11,12,13]
Summary
Compared with the whiskbroom imaging spectrometer, the pushbroom imaging spectrometer, with a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), has been widely used in airborne and spaceborne remote sensing [1,2]. For the launched and developing pushbroom hyperspectral imaging spectrometers, the Offner dispersive imaging system is popular for its many advantages, such as low aberrations, a wide flat field, a compact size, and a high speed [3,4,5,6,7]. A sensor simulator is generally composed of the simulation of imaging spectrometer’s spatial response, spectral response and radiometric response. These responses are the key factors of the spectral quality metrics reported by Kerekes [10]. With responsibility for indicating the dispersive imaging ability of the hyperspectral imaging spectrometer, several sensor simulators were developed as part of the core sub-modules of the end-to-end remote sensing simulation model [11,12,13]. Some problems still need to be resolved more, especially, in the simulation of the spatial response and the spectral response
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