Abstract
The traditional Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH) routing protocol is a clustering-based protocol. The uneven selection of cluster heads results in premature death of cluster heads and premature blind nodes inside the clusters, thus reducing the overall lifetime of the network. With a full consideration of information on energy and distance distribution of neighboring nodes inside the clusters, this paper proposes a new routing algorithm based on differential evolution (DE) to improve the LEACH routing protocol. To meet the requirements of monitoring applications in outdoor environments such as the meteorological, hydrological and wetland ecological environments, the proposed algorithm uses the simple and fast search features of DE to optimize the multi-objective selection of cluster heads and prevent blind nodes for improved energy efficiency and system stability. Simulation results show that the proposed new LEACH routing algorithm has better performance, effectively extends the working lifetime of the system, and improves the quality of the wireless sensor networks.
Highlights
Monitoring applications using a single detection device can only obtain local information
In comparison to traditional means of environmental monitoring, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology has the following advantages: (1) sensor nodes are small in size and the whole network needs to be deployed only once, so the human impact of the deployment on the monitored environment is very small, which is especially important for environments very sensitive to alien biological activities
Research on the living environment of petrels on the Great Duck Island in the United States showed that even a few minutes of researcher activity on the island would result in a 20% increase in the death rate of fledging birds [2]; (2) sensor network nodes are large in number, with a high-density distribution, while each node can detect the local environmental information and submit the details to the monitoring center
Summary
Monitoring applications using a single detection device can only obtain local information. This paper considers monitoring applications for an outdoor environment such as meteorological and hydrological data or the wetland ecology environment, and aims to reduce network energy consumption. It mainly focuses on the optimal selection of cluster heads, improves the traditional. The DE_LEACH algorithm uses the easy and fast search features of the DE in multi-objective optimization applications, takes energy and distance distribution of neighbor nodes inside clusters into account, and optimizes the selection of cluster heads. The algorithm has advantages in terms of effectively preventing premature blind nodes and reducing network energy consumption, and is more suitable than others to meet the needs of WSN applications in monitoring applications for outdoor environment such as those mentioned before. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews related work on WSN protocols; Section 3 describes the idea of differential evolution algorithms; Section 4 presents the proposed method; Section 5 proves the DE_LEACH algorithm through experiments and analyzes the experiment results, and Section 6 concludes and indicates several issues for future work
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