A Detector in Every Home versus the Integrated Qualification System and New Tasks in Civil Protection

Aim: Development of an outline of the concept of the civil protection and civil defence system in the context of modern statutory regulations, including selected elements such as: the general characteristics of the functioning of the civil protection system and its transformation into a civil defence system under martial law or a state of war, the entities and subsystems of the civil protection and civil defence system and the dependencies that exist between them, taking into account the administrative division of the country. Project and methods: The study formulated the following main research problem: what is the outline of the concept of civil protection and civil defence system in light of modern statutory regulations? The theoretical research methods used in the study were: analysis, abstraction, synthesis, comparison and inference. Results: In the presented concept, selected elements of the civil protection and civil defence system, the most important in the author's opinion, were taken into account. Two possible variants of the concept description were assumed. One directly derived from the provisions of the Act on Civil Protection and Civil Defence assuming that the system is based on civil protection bodies, entities and resources. The second option was presented according to the practice of civil protection operation, with the assumption that the system is based on three pillars, which are: public entities, nonprofit NGOs and private entities. In doing so, it was noted that issues related to the management and/or coordination of the activities carried out within the framework of civil protection should be located in public entities due to the executive apparatus that these entities have at their disposal, and executive issues among public entities and NGOs. Conclusions: This study should be continued in view of the following concerns: 1) the questionable legitimacy of using the phrase “system” in the context of civil protection due to the lack of dependencies and relationships that exist between all elements of the system; (2) no full authority as to the use of the statement that in wartime the civil protection system transforms into a civil defence system, since civil defence is not presented as a system, but only as a series of tasks; (3) insufficient differentiation between the categories of tasks performed by civil protection bodies and actors; 4) identification of possible problems related to the interchangeable use of the concepts of civil protection and crisis management in operational practice; 5) optional introduction of definitions of civil protection actors or expansion of their list considered.

Modern sources of danger make new demands on the system of advanced training of managerial staff of government agencies and medical professionals whose activities are related to the organization and implementation of measures for civil protection. Improving their skills is aimed at forming readiness to perform complex tasks in a single state system of civil and its component – medical protection and involves the development of new general theoretical and special-technological and medical knowledge, expanding the range of skills and practical skills. The paper, based on logical analysis, reveals the features of professional development of government officials and medical professionals on civil protection in modern conditions, substantiated proposals to improve the process of their training. As a result of the study, the state of affairs was studied and it was argued that the optimization of improvement and professional development of government and medical specialists of the system of emergency care and disaster medicine on civil and medical protection as a functional subsystem in a single state civil protection system provides an organic combination different forms, methods and content of education, depending on the capabilities of the educational institution and the needs of the person. The above is not possible without the introduction of a rational construction of universal design during the educational process in a higher education institution, a civil defense institution. The urgency of these issues is confirmed by the course of our country for integration into the European Union, and this requires, in modern conditions, systematic improvement of the educational process and optimization of the level of professional development of these categories of personnel using the experience of developed countries. that meet world standards and requirements of today. Keywords: advanced training, managerial staff of government bodies, medical specialists, civil protection, emergency situation.

The article presents a methodological approach to assessing of organizational and functional structures of public administration bodies in civil protection. Analysis of the legislation in the field of public administration in general and civil protection – in particular conducted by the author. Previous scientific works analyzes in article. Scientific task`s relevance of finding a methodological approach to assessing of organizational and functional structures of public administration in civil protection is justified. The article describes the methodological approach to assessing the organizational and functional structures of civil protection based on the analysis of the structure and functions of the unified state system of civil protection. Methodological approach involves separating system’s components from a more general level of management to the lower and establishing the features of their operation, the division into subsystems according to the levels of hierarchy and relationships between components. When studying the relationships between the levels of organizational and functional structures, subsystems and bodies defines their properties, order and nature of relationships, volumes, content of information flows, which provides a description of the structures under study. Presents this approach the scheme of implementation certain steps to assess the organizational and functional structures of a unified state system of civil protection at structural, functional, organizational and regulatory levels. An evaluation the assessing procedures involves: determining a set of indicators and criteria that should meet the purpose of the study of organizational and functional structures of unified state system of civil protection and its components, studying their characteristics at the system-wide, system and elemental levels. Is substantiated for the development of structural and predictive model`s forms, assessing of their parameters at present, the expediency of using software products, tool and software complexes and integrated software environments focused on solving problems of analysis and synthesis of complex systems operating in conditions uncertainty and conflict.

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is a country with a specific polity, burdened with various war destructions, poverty, low standard of living, organised crime, etc. It represents a serious challenge to the EU when it comes to civil protection. A wider definition of the subject of this research is the organisiation in the filed of civil protection and its functioning in BiH, while in a narrow sense, the subject of this research focuses on the capacities of civil protection in BiH when it comes to helping civil authorities with emergency situations. Theoretically, this research covers the thorough analysis of the existing knowledge about the subject of this research and the definition of the crucial notions. In the first part of this work, the author states both narrow and wider understandings of the civil protection development throughout the 20th century. Further discussion about this theme leads us to the civil protection system of BiH from the end of the Second World War to the outbreak of war in this country during the 1990s. The third part gives a detailed analysis of the civil protection organisation system currently existing in BiH, resulting in conclusions and recommendations. Taking into consideration the existing problem and the subject of this research, the main aim of this work is to present and analyse the organization of civil protection and its current state in BiH. The scientific aim of this research is to examine the organisation and the possibilities of the civil protection and rescue system in BiH, with specific reference to civil protection systems at the entity level and a clear emphasis on the importance of general understanding of the possibilities of civil protection and rescue in BiH. The practical aim is to improve the whole civil protection and rescue system, on the basis of certain conclusions and suggestions related to possibilities of civil protection when it comes to helping civil authorities with emergency situations.

In the circumstances when human life is intensively affected by many harmful environmental factors resulting from large-scale disasters of different origins and types, the issues of population training in emergency preparedness and response as well as public safety culture development in general are of great importance. According to the State Emergency Service of Ukraine, in 2018 168 people were killed and 839 were injured because of emergencies. In comparison with the same last year period, there is a steady death toll increase despite the fact that the total number of emergencies in Ukraine has decreased in contrast to the previous period. In addition, rescuers have considered fire safety and hygiene violations along with low-level control over the epidemic prevention measures implementation as main causes of natural and man-made emergencies in the country during recent years.
 Such state of affairs may indicate that very often the loss of life during emergency results from the lack of knowledge and failure to comply with the recommendations on life safety, and that the existing system of civil protection training is not able to cover all segments of the population. In addition, the complex technogenic and environmental, and military and political situations significantly increases the risk of dangerous incidents occurrence with casualties. Thus, modernization of knowledge dissemination system on the civil protection and life safety issues among the population are of particular relevance.
 The problem of mobile technologies for educational purposes is analyzed by the Ukrainian and foreign researchers, namely: V. Bykov, A. Struk, S. Smerikov, D. Kigan, A. Andreeva, etc. At the same time, the analysis of scientific and methodological literature and online sources shows that the problem of the use of mobile training for raising public awareness on civil protection issues has not been considered as a separate research subject before.
 The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of the mobile technologies used for population emergency preparedness, as well as to present the developed social mobile application “SES Alphabet” and the prospects of its usage for population training.
 Under the rapid civilizational development of humanity, there will always be the possibility of various natural and manmade threats, and a certain part of the population will suffer from dangerous factors of the external environment. Therefore, the issue of citizen’s safety competence development and the culture of society safety in general will always remain urgent. According to the Ukrainian Constitution, human life and health, its protection against the impact of harmful man-made, natural, environmental and social factors are the highest social values, for which a unified state system of civil protection was created. One of the system’s components is the preparing of the population to behave properly under the conditions of potential emergencies.
 Taking into account the fact that the main task of public policy in the civil protection field is emergency prevention, preparing people to act under special circumstances is an effective form of prophylaxis, first and foremost, of human casualties caused by disasters. The basics of human behavior in extreme situations are formed because of constant training, which provides an adequate level of preparedness in case of emergency. Therefore, the training of the population on civil protection issues should be standardized and widespread.
 There is a natural question about effective tools for such training. In our opinion, it is possible to solve this problem by developing a suitable mobile application. Using of mobile devices for outreach activities on civil protection issues with the civilians and promotion of a safety culture in society have wide prospects because it addresses the major problem of accessibility and rapid provision of the adapted, easy-to-read educational information material. Mobile learning offers great opportunities for self-education of the population because the application allows you to remotely study in the field of life safety regardless of place and time. The high concentration and multimedia of the training material make it possible to focus on the main points, while the user-friendly interface allows you to navigate the vast array of civil protection information material very quickly.
 Considering the opportunities and advantages, mobile education, in our opinion, in the long run can be the most effective outreach activity for the population on socially significant issues, in particular informing citizens about emergency response. The use of mobile devices will create the conditions for accessible, inclusive and continuous education of the population on civil protection issues.
 International experience in the mobile applications in civil protection systems used to inform the public about emergency demonstrates the effectiveness of the mobile technologies in achieving the key tasks in the field of civil protection, namely the protection of life and health of citizens. The mobile application will provide useful and easy-to-read information about emergency procedures, which will help to avoid loss of human lives among the affected population.

Abstract. An exponential improvement of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models was observed during the last decade (Lynch, 2008). Civil Protection (CP) systems exploited Meteo services in order to redeploy their actions towards the prediction and prevention of events rather than towards an exclusively response-oriented mechanism1. Nevertheless, experience tells us that NWP models, even if assisted by real time observations, are far from being deterministic. Complications frequently emerge in medium to long range forecasting, which are subject to sudden modifications. On the other hand, short term forecasts, if seen through the lens of criminal trials2, are to the same extent, scarcely reliable (Molini et al., 2009). One particular episode related with wrong forecasts, in the Italian panorama, has deeply frightened CP operators as the NWP model in force missed a meteorological adversity which, in fact, caused death and dealt severe damage in the province of Vibo Valentia (2006). This event turned into a very discussed trial, lasting over three years, and intended against whom assumed the legal position of guardianship within the CP. A first set of data is now available showing that in concomitance with the trial of Vibo Valentia the number of alerts issued raised almost three folds. We sustain the hypothesis that the beginning of the process of overcriminalization (Husak, 2008) of CPs is currently increasing the number of false alerts with the consequent effect of weakening alert perception and response by the citizenship (Brezntiz, 1984). The common misunderstanding of such an issue, i.e. the inherent uncertainty in weather predictions, mainly by prosecutors and judges, and generally by whom deals with law and justice, is creating the basis for a defensive behaviour3 within CPs. This paper intends, thus, to analyse the social and legal relevance of uncertainty in the process of issuing meteo-hydrological alerts by CPs. Footnotes: 1 The Italian Civil Protection is working in this direction since 1992 (L. 225/92). An example of this effort is clearly given by the Prime Minister Decree (DPCM 20/12/2001 "Linee guida relative ai piani regionali per la programmazione delle attivita' di previsione, prevenzione e lotta attiva contro gli incendi boschivi – Guidelines for regional plans for the planning of prediction, prevention and forest fires fighting activities") that, already in 2001, emphasized "the most appropriate approach to pursue the preservation of forests is to promote and encourage prediction and prevention activities rather than giving priority to the emergency-phase focused on fire-fighting". 2 Supreme Court of the United States, In re Winship (No. 778), No. 778 argued: 20 January 1970, decided: 31 March 1970: Proof beyond a reasonable doubt, which is required by the Due Process Clause in criminal trials, is among the "essentials of due process and fair treatment" 3 In Kessler and McClellan (1996): "Defensive medicine is a potentially serious social problem: if fear of liability drives health care providers to administer treatments that do not have worthwhile medical benefits, then the current liability system may generate inefficiencies much larger than the costs of compensating malpractice claimants".

After the Cold War civil defense was transformed into civil protection. This part of the state structure moved from the armed forces in the civilian sector. There are two reasons. First, direct threat of nuclear war stopped. Second, major natural disasters caused by climate changes. Today?s civil protection is organized in order to protect life and property in the event of disasters caused by nature or man. The European Union is due to the problems that arise when disasters appear start a process aimed at higher efficiency of civil protection in the Member States, but also the formation of a joint civil protection system on its territory. A key reason for the formation of a joint civil protection system is a phenomenon that disaster in one country causes consequences in several neighbouring countries. This is why the framework of modernization of the European Union Civil Protection includes non-member states.

The article analyses the peculiarities of legal support of the European system of civil protection of population and territories. The author emphasizes that over the years, the EU has developed the main instruments through which all of its civilian security policy objectives are achieved. It is proved that building a modern and powerful civil defence system of the population and territories of Ukraine requires even more close cooperation with the relevant European structures, including within the framework of the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism (EU Civil Protection). The priorities of the EU's civil protection programs are to enhance cybersecurity and a safer online environment through the development and effective use of the digital capabilities of the European Union and its Member States. Significant attention is paid to supporting data and network protection, which strives for technological sovereignty while respecting privacy and other fundamental human rights. Joint European projects contribute to ensuring the security of services, processes and products, and ensure the formation of reliable digital infrastructures that can withstand and counter cyberattacks and hybrid threats. The study of the peculiarities of Ukraine's cooperation with the EU in the field of civil protection allows us to state that Ukraine's accession to the EU Civil Protection Mechanism will allow it to fully use all EU instruments and programs to develop the national civil protection system and attract assistance, and to continue future cooperation within the framework of the new strategic program of the EU Civil Protection Mechanism for 2024-2027. The peculiarities of using the experience of the EU countries to develop a system for ensuring public safety and protection of critical facilities during emergencies in Ukraine will be determined by the transformation of the public administration system in the post-war period.

After the end of the Cold War, civil defense was transformed into civil protection. This part of the state structure moved from the armed forces to the civilian sector. There are two reasons. First, direct threat of nuclear war was eliminated and the other reason were climate changes caused by natural disasters on a large scale. Today’s civilan protection is organized in order to protect life and property in the event of a disaster caused by nature or man. End of the Cold War influenced the transformation of the social system in Poland. This was also reflected in the field of civil protection in this country. In Poland many sectors of civil society are now directly or indirectly involved in the system of civil protection. This was largely contributed by the decentralization of the state system, which allowed greater involvement of different actors in the system of civil protection. Decentralization has enabled a more efficient division of responsibility in case of emergencies. Regardless of the differences in size of territory and population, Poland has gone through similar challenges in transformation of the state and civil protection system like other new states of the European Union. This is especially important if we look other states of the former Warsaw Pact. Beside aforementioned transformation, Poland needed to eliminate communist legacy in many areas of society. This was precondition for stabilization and modernization of the state system. After that, Poland could put more effort in the reform of other areas of political, economic and social organization, which included area of civil protection.

СOVID-19 на практиці змусив уряди держав діяти в умовах надзвичайної ситуації планетарного масштабу. Економічні, політичні, фінансові, міграційні та ін. її наслідки ще довго будуть передумовами подальшого розвитку глобалізованого всесвіту. Актуальним науковим завданням в даних умовах є збір і накопичення даних про функціонування національних систем кризового менеджменту з метою їх подальшого аналізу та опрацювання рекомендацій щодо удосконалення дій органів державного та місцевого управління в умовах глобальної надзвичайної ситуації. Стаття присвячена результатам включеного спостереження за організацією функціонування однієї із територіальних підсистем єдиної системи цивільного захисту України та порівняльному контент аналізу розпорядчих документів під час переведення її в режим надзвичайної ситуації. В період з 17.03.-17.05.2020 проводилось включене спостереження за організацією функціонування територіальної підсистеми ЄДСЦЗ однієї із областей України в режимі медико-біологічної надзвичайної ситуації природного характеру, проводився порівняльний контент-аналіз розпорядчих документів відповідних органів управління. В результаті дослідження визначено, що питання цивільного захисту населення як функція держави не стала в низку головних завдань органів управління всіх рівнів, а так і залишається другорядною (на громадських засадах). Відсутність сталої інституціональної структури системи цивільного захисту негативно впливає на її функціональність. Методом реагування на медико-біологічну надзвичайну ситуацію природнього характеру державного рівня на першому етапі її ліквідації став метод спроб і помилок. Не вирішеним, як на першому етапі (березень-травень 2020), так і у вересні-жовтні 2020, залишається питання життєзабезпечення постраждалого населення. Метод включеного спостереження, при його системному застосуванні, може стати дієвим методом проведення наукових досліджень з проблематики функціонування різних структур ЄДСЦЗ. Актуальним науковим, нормотворчим, організаційним завданням залишається створення ефективної інституційної системи управління ЄДСЦЗ, перегляд структури та функціональності її територіальних та функціональних підсистем, їх служб та ланок.

Purpose. To substantiate the basic requirements for information and to develop a quality evaluation method of the civil protection information and analytical support system operation in public administration. Methodology. During the research, a set of general and special methods were used: regular observation and comparative analysis, content analysis, logical generalization, quantitative and qualitative comparison, scientific abstraction and systematization. Aquality evaluation method of the civil protection information and analytical support system operation was applied, which led to outlining the quality of information as sufficient, corresponding with situation changes, and significant information for appropriate decision-making by the head of authority under certain conditions. Findings. The basic information requirements are substantiated and its quality is defined as a set of characteristics (adequacy, completeness, responsiveness and utility) that outlines the degree of its suitability for achieving the goals of the information and analytical support system in civil protection. The quality evaluation method of the information and analytical support system operation in civil protection during emergencies was elaborated; it allows evaluating quantitatively the correspondence of the quality of system operation with the requirements stipulating usage of the integrated indicator the extent of information and analytical support for the authority concerning its activity arrangement in emergencies. The obtained results of quality evaluation of the civil protection information and analytical support system operation were proposed to determine the rational method of its operation during the decision-making process by the head of authority under certain conditions. Originality. The evaluation criterion was defined: achieving the condition when the extent of implementing the information and analytical support is higher or equal to the required one and provides for further evaluation of the operation methods of the system. Practical value. It is proved that attaining the criterion of information and analytical support system operation quality in civil protection is a connecting link to the methodological approach. Therefore, there is a possibility to determine a rational method of the system operation using the hierarchical model of alternative method comparison taking into consideration analytic hierarchy process (AHP), which ensures the head of authority to perform the assigned tasks qualitatively, completely and timely.

Важливим елементом управлінської діяльності є підготовка та прийняття обґрунтованих управлінських рішень Ефективність функціонування єдиної державної системи цивільного захисту (ЄДСЦЗ) в цілому визначається оперативністю дій сил цивільного захисту (ЦЗ). Сили цивільного захисту – це аварійно-рятувальні формування, спеціалізовані служби та інші формування цивільного захисту, призначені для проведення аварійно-рятувальних та інших невідкладних робіт (АРІНР) з ліквідації наслідків надзвичайних ситуацій (НС). Тривалість проведення різного виду робіт залежить від достатнього запасу матеріального резерву, що використовується при виконанні робіт, та визначає час ліквідації НС та її наслідків, тим самим впливає на кількість людських жертв і об’єм матеріальних збитків від НС. У науковій статті на основі аналізу завдань визначених Кодексом цивільного захисту а також дій органів управління та сил цивільного захисту у надзвичайних ситуаціях пропонується математичний апарат визначення необхідних (достатніх) матеріальних резервів для підвищення ефективності дій підрозділів сил цивільного захисту при ліквідації наслідків надзвичайних ситуацій як інструмент механізму державного управління силами цивільного захисту. Матеріальні резерви необхідні для забезпечення експлуатації та ремонту техніки та озброєння можуть утворювати комплекти матеріальних резервів або матеріальні резерви за окремими типами елементів на складах. Комплектні матеріальних резервів, у свою чергу, можна поділити на об’єктові (на один тип техніки) та групові (на групу однотипних об’єктів техніки). У статті розроблено математичний апарат розрахунку матеріальних резервів необхідних для забезпечення експлуатації техніки та озброєння при виконанні аварійно-рятувальних та інших видів робіт. Для оцінки впливу матеріальних резервів на ефективність функціонування підрозділів сил цивільного захисту при ліквідації НС та їх наслідків використовуються деякі показники надійності озброєння.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology for assessing and characterising the state of development of a civil protection (emergency preparedness) system, with particular attention to the local level, where such systems are rooted.Design/methodology/approach– Groups of indicators are suggested as a means of evaluating each component of the system. The paper proposes a means of using these to identify which parts of the system are most in need of development and additional resources, something that will also depend on local hazards, vulnerabilities and priorities. In order to illustrate the methodology, an example is presented from the town Teziutlán in the central Mexican state of Puebla.Findings– The civil protection system of Teziutlán is in the midst of a long, difficult and uneven phase of growth, in which there are both encouraging developments and seriously neglected elements. Analysis of Teziutlán using the indicators listed in the preceding methodological section enables a model to be proposed for the emergence of a system of emergency preparedness and response at the local level.Research limitations/implications– This paper proposes a simple methodology and uses one very modest example to illustrate it. However, civil protection systems at many scales and in many countries would benefit from evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses.Practical implications– It is hoped that this will be of use to those who wish to evaluate the development of local and regional civil protection elsewhere in the world.Social implications– Improvement of response capabilities is crucial to the development of a better civil protection system and the protection of the population against disaster.Originality/value– Although assessment is widely used in science, technology and business, it has rarely been applied systematically to emergency management and civil protection systems.

The topic’s urgency is due to the need to improve the mechanisms of information security of fire safety in terms of management of a unified state system of civil protection, the need to give priority to the processes of informatization of management in ensuring civil protection of Ukraine. The Constitution of Ukraine recognizes man, his life and health, honour and dignity, inviolability and security as the highest social value. The establishment and protection of human rights and freedoms is the main duty of the state. In view of this, one of the priorities of state policy is to protect the population from fires and ensure appropriate fire safety measures. Information activities are considered as a necessary component of the organization of public administration in the field of civil protection and the work of management and specialists, the implementation of tasks directly related to the regulation of security processes. The focus on the issues of information support of civil protection, in particular fire safety, is determined by the fact that in modern conditions the need to strengthen the effectiveness of state control measures in this area is of particular importance. The main approaches to solving the problems of improving the management of the unified state system of civil protection, its information and legal support are outlined. It is emphasized that the regulation of the social sphere is one of the main functions of the state. In the social sphere of the state, civil protection has such functions as political and legal. Emphasis is placed on the use of positive experience of European countries, which have implemented preventive measures based on a risk-oriented approach that is directly related to information security of fire safety. The need to improve the information and legal support of the processes of implementation of strategic objectives of protection of national interests of Ukraine in the field of civil protection is taken into account. It is emphasized that in modern conditions the implementation of an effective information policy during emergencies of man-made, social and natural nature is of particular importance. It is recognized that it is impossible to ignore threats in the field of national security of Ukraine, the need to monitor emergencies, which due to the causes and scale of spread are not limited to the borders of one state. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of information response of Ukraine to emergencies of this scale, as well as the fact that the mechanism of crisis response and management should be supported by various institutional and procedural mechanisms within unified information system, Crisis Platform, which may be activated during threats, and provide an immediate response to them. Fire safety information is related to the problem of timely response to threats arising from crises (civil and military) outside it.

This paper presents solving heuristically conceived problems in the Civil Defence by making adequate decisions in an emergency and the state of emergency with a special emphasis on the application of the heuristic model of training emergency teams-headquarters and on the role of a leader as a factor of good leadership. It is intended for command and teaching staff of the Civil Defence: local authorities (mayors of districts, cities and municipalities - commanders) and the system of protection and rescue (the Sector for Emergency Situations). The heuristic approach to problem solving should enable command staff-leaders from the local to the national level to make adequate decisions in emergency situations after the proclamation of emergency and the state of emergency in a territory part or the whole territory of the Republic of Serbia - functioning of the civil defense and the third mission of the Army of Serbia, as well as to point out the necessity of coordination between the local and national level.