A Descriptive Analysis on Education Planning and Its Impression on National and Regional Development

A THEORY of human capital is in the process of formulation. The primary question is "What is the contribution of changes in the quality of people to economic growth?" The academic economists first raised the question after their research showed that production in developed economies had been increasing much faster than could be explained by inputs of physical capital and additions to the labor force. But the wide interest which the question has aroused indicates much more than academic curiosity. It reflects the desires and aspirations of people throughout the world-people anxious to add weight to their demands for action against disease and illiteracy by showing that such action is not only humanitarian, but will make a major contribution to economic growth as well. Though research on the return to investment in people is barely getting started, even the most tentative conclusions have been widely quoted. Preliminary indications that the rate of return on investment in people is high have been seized upon in a growing number of countries as justification for in-

Xi Jinping’s report to the 19th CPC National Congress expounded the implementation of the regional coordinated development strategy for the first time, which is a significant improvement in China’s regional development strategy since the reform and opening up policy. The imbalance of China’s regional development reflects the conflicts between people’s growing needs for a better life and the imbalanced regional development in terms of the spatial distribution of economic activities, and has always been one of the major difficulties in China’s economic and social development. As a typical place-based” policy, the significance of the development zone has gone beyond the development zone itself and become an important carrier to serve the national economic development strategy. Based on the panel data of prefecture-level cities from 2000—2015, this paper takes the cleaning up and rectifying policy of development zones in 2003 as a quasi-natural experiment and adopts the difference-in-differences propensity score matching method to estimate the impact of the place-based” policy on regional economic development. It comes to the results as follows: the cleaning up and rectifying policy of development zones has significantly reduced regional disparity, but not significantly affected regional disparities at the per capita level. Meanwhile, the cleaning up and rectifying policy of development zones has significantly reduced regional economic growth, which in another way means the setting up of development zones has indeed promoted regional economic growth. Also it has not significantly affected regional disparities at the per capita level. On these grounds, it can be concluded that, under the circumstance of insufficient mobility of production factors, the balance of regional development at the aggregate level has been achieved through the transfer of resources and the regional preferential policies, but the regional balance at the per capita level has not been achieved. The sub-region test shows that the impact is more significant for the central and western areas but not significant for the eastern areas when it comes to the aggregate economic growth, implying that the development of the central and western may be balanced at the expense of losing efficiency in the eastern. Furthermore, cities with development zones which are within 300 km from the urban agglomeration are more advantageous than those beyond 300 km from the urban agglomeration. The heterogeneity test of metropolitan areas shows that the cleaning up and rectifying policy of the Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has greater effects on economic growth, while that of the Pearl River Delta has less effects. Therefore, the urban agglomeration and metropolitan area should be strengthened as a key to implement the place-based” policy. By optimizing the rational layout of development zones, it will help to boost economic growth in less developed areas and narrow the gap of economic development between developed areas and less developed areas. Besides, by improving the basic public service level in the central and western areas, the loss of balance and efficiency can be avoided to some extent, thus realizing regional prosperity.

Evaluation of agriculture and industry effect on economic health by ANFIS approach

Given the trend of increasing imbalance in the economic development of administrative-territorial units and ensuring their innovative development, the issue of upgrading the effectiveness of the anti-crisis regional policy is becoming urgent. The research aim is to develop an econometric model for assessing the impact of asymmetries in the development of urban economies on the regional socio-economic development based on the case of Kazakhstan. The article establishes a sample of indicators of socio-economic development of cities and regions in Kazakhstan in 2014-2018. The governance indicators of the influence of the asymmetry in urban development on the regional socio-economic development in Kazakhstan have been determined based on the Granger causality test, the creation of a cognitive map and the identification of hierarchy levels. The asymmetry in regional development has been estimated applying the coefficient of variation of the relevant indicators of socio-economic development of cities and regions, taking into account the lagged variables. The developed model allows determining the convergence model of regional development, the nature of the influence of asymmetries in the development of cities on the regional economic development in the context of economic growth and recession, as well as identifying the key factors in the asymmetry of regional development. The results are based on reliable data; they are of practical importance and can serve as the basis for the elaboration of effective preventive measures for anti-crisis regional development policy, not only to neutralize asymmetries, but also to achieve economic growth under the conditions of unbalanced regional development.

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of current regional development and the forecast of the economic impact of transport (roads). Investment in Infrastructure (especially Roads) has for sure a very positive impact on regional development. The most common classification economic indicator of a country is Gross National Product per Capita. In fact income is an important criterion with the respect of the regional development. Investment in transport lead to general changes, which should be easily determine as direct and indirect benefit like reducing travel time, operating cost, increasing transport safety, but the contribution to regional development as a whole is subject of certain debates. There are some basically opinions about relation which exist between transport infrastructure and regional development. The first one states that infrastructure hardly influence the regional economic development. The second opinion is maybe the most acceptable one, that interaction between infrastructure and economic development is not a “linear” relationship. The third one is that regional development could be influenced easily by infrastructure investment. When analyzing recent development strategies, it can be accepted that the Republic of Albania is supporting the thesis that building infrastructure network is a prerequisite of regional development. In that context, Government investments in the regional and rural program are elaborated with expected positive effects on reduction of poverty and regional development. In this paper the case study of the “ Kukes- Morine ” road that will improve transport connections is selected in order to determine whether or not there is a justification for such belief.

Karabakh region, also known as Nagorno-Karabakh, is a disputed territory located in the South Caucasus region. The region has been the subject of a long-standing conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia, which resulted in a war in the early 1990s. The conflict was finally resolved in November 2020, with the signing of a ceasefire agreement between the two countries. The economic development of the Karabakh region has been a major challenge, given the ongoing conflict and the lack of recognition of the region by the international community. The relationship between science and industry has been recognized as an important factor in promoting economic growth and development. The Karabakh region, located in the South Caucasus, is a region with great economic potential, but also with a complex geopolitical situation. The role of science-industry relations in the economic development of the region has been discussed in recent years, but there is a need for a more comprehensive analysis of the topic. This article aims to explore the role of science-industry relations in the economic development of the Karabakh region. The article first provides an overview of the current state of science-industry relations in the region. It then identifies the main factors that hinder the development of science-industry relations, including lack of investment, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to knowledge and technology. The study also proposes measures that can be taken to improve science-industry relations and stimulate economic growth in the region. These measures include increasing investment in research and development, improving infrastructure, promoting knowledge transfer and technology transfer, and fostering collaboration between academia and industry. To achieve these goals, there are some key steps that need to be taken. First, the development of a strong and supportive policy framework is essential. This should include policies that encourage investment in research and development, as well as initiatives that support the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises. Furthermore, measures should be taken to strengthen the regulatory environment and protect intellectual property rights. It is important to establish a strong network of research institutions and industries in the region. This can be achieved through the creation of science parks, incubators, and other collaborative spaces that bring together researchers, entrepreneurs, and businesses. Such networks can promote knowledge exchange, foster innovation, and provide opportunities for training and skill development. It is crucial to ensure that the benefits of science-industry collaborations are shared equitably across the region. This means promoting inclusive growth and ensuring that marginalized groups, such as women and minorities, are not left behind. Efforts should also be made to ensure that the economic benefits of these partnerships are sustainable in the long term. In conclusion, science-industry relations can play a significant role in the economic development of the Karabakh region. By promoting innovation, entrepreneurship, and collaboration, this partnership can lead to sustainable and inclusive growth that benefits the region's population. However, achieving these goals will require a concerted effort on the part of policymakers, researchers, and business leaders to establish a supportive policy framework, foster collaboration, and promote equitable growth. This article highlights the importance of science-industry relations in the economic development of the Karabakh region and provides insights into the current state of science-industry relations in the region. The proposed measures can help to create a more conducive environment for science-industry collaboration, which can ultimately contribute to the economic growth and development of the region. Keywords: science-industry relations, economic development, Karabakh region, innovation, technology transfer.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the mutual disruption and support of economic growth and health improvement in the last 500 years in the UK.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a general review and it compares institutional development, public policy, technological advances and scientific discoveries in economic growth with those in health improvement.FindingsThe paper finds the co-existence of slower economic growth and less increasing life expectancy from 1541 to 1871 and that of faster economic growth and rising life expectancy from 1871 to 2001. It is organized health improvement that effectively propelled economic growth in the time span of 1871-2001.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings may contribute to the literature on mutual enhancement between economic growth and health improvement.Practical implicationsThe findings may also provide implications to the policy makers how important organized health improvement is to economic growth.Social implicationsThe findings show that when UK Government was leading in organized health improvement for the population, economic grown got propelled into a faster lane.Originality/valueThis paper is among the first to unveil that a socially responsible government has permanent impact on the paths of both economic and social growth. It has value to other researchers attempting to understand the mutual disruption and support of economic growth and health improvement in the historical UK.

Sub-Saharan Africa’s path to industrialization hinges on the interplay between human capital development, investment, and economic growth. Drawing insights from economic development and growth theories, this study examines the key drivers of educational quality, public investment, and economic growth in the region from 1980 to 2022 using conventional growth models. Findings indicate that while increased capital formation enhances educational quality, current investment levels remain insufficient to sustain long-term growth. Economic growth is primarily driven by capital formation, exports, and electricity consumption, but is constrained by the challenges of rapid urbanization. Public investment, in turn, is influenced by urbanization, industrial employment, electricity consumption, and past investment trends. The study underscores the need for strategic investment planning, energy efficiency, and export diversification to support sustainable economic progress. Policymakers should prioritize optimizing public spending, enhancing capital investments, and improving resource management to strengthen education, economic growth, and the role of public investment in regional development.

Social cohesion in Canada Barry Ferguson (bio), Simon Langlois (bio), and Lance W. Roberts (bio) Canada is a diverse society of almost 34 million people. Its population is about half the size of Great Britain and France, the two nations whose colonization projects strongly shaped Canada’s development. For most of the country’s history, the original or Aboriginal peoples have been marginalized despite the many ways in which they contributed to the nation’s economic, social and political development. After the British took Quebec from France, formalized in 1763, the French Canadians relied upon natural increase in order to sustain their population, while Great Britain encouraged mass immigration from the British Isles to increase population, practices which ensured national duality. During the 20th century, Canada recruited more than 13 million immigrants, mostly people of European background, but immigrant recruitment over the past forty years has been increasingly diverse. Canada has become a multicultural society characterized by very diverse ethnic and cultural origins. The Canadian federation is a complex society whose components are provinces with a great autonomy, regions with different resources, a diverse population that include many ethnic groups, two official languages, and fifty-seven aboriginal nations with their own national identities. The remarkable and continuous transformations of the Canadian population over the centuries has deeply marked its social cohesion and posed strong and varied challenges from one epoch to another. [End Page 69] Canadian society is structured so its components – whether these are conceived as individuals, provinces, regions, aboriginal nations or ethnic groups – are weakly subject to a binding normative order; consequently, coordinating the components into an integrated whole is continuously challenging.1 The challenges to Canada’s social cohesion are both unique and general. The unique challenges include issues such as national duality, the underdevelopment of aboriginal nations, and the uneven development of the different regions. More generally, Canada shares many of the same cohesion challenges found in other nations, including the effects of globalization on national economy, growing population diversity, expanding social differentiation, generational effects, and new socio-economic cleavages. This essay will examine aspects of social cohesion that are both specific to Canada and those that are shared with other comparable societies.2 The essay begins by considering some unique issues of Canadian society, specifically its multinational character (linguistic duality, Aboriginal peoples, high immigration) as well as its regional tensions. This is followed by the examination of inclusion/exclusion indicators, the social bonds, and democratic issues commonly referred to in the majority of the studies on social cohesion. Macrosociological issues – some specific to Canada, other common to other developed societies – will complete the analysis. The conclusion gives consideration to the idea that the relatively high level of social cohesion in Canada is related to the extensive level of cross-cutting ties. 1. Population Diversity and Social Cohesion Population diversity has underwritten three specific factors affecting social cohesion in Canada. These factors are the marginalization of Aboriginal peoples, the difficult and lengthy process of recognizing French Canadians, and the integration of an increasingly-diverse immigrant population. Aboriginal Peoples The Canadian Constitution of 1982 and federal and provincial governmental instruments recognize four different categories of Aboriginal peoples: registered status Indians (registered in 605 “Indian bands”), non-status Indians (neither registered nor granted [End Page 70] lands), Inuits (aboriginal peoples of the Arctic region), and Métis (of mixed European and aboriginal ancestry). Aboriginal peoples represent about 4% of the Canadian population. The majority continue to live on separate lands or “Indian reserves” that are governed under the provisions of the federal Indian Act. The majority of reserves constitute a “third world” inside the borders of the Canadian state. Among Aboriginal peoples, life expectancy is lower than that in the general population, and communities typically experience major economic, social and public health problems as well as highly-constrained versions of local self-government. Despite these problems, there are positive developments. The legal and political recognition of Aboriginal peoples was entrenched in the 1982 Constitution Act. And, since that time, the social, economic and political grievances of Aboriginal peoples have been recognized as central to the national public agenda. This recognition is shown by such institutional forms as the...

A new perspective on regional economic development is development capital generated from the region. MSMEs and Higher Education as development capital of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) have different characteristics. Development is recognized as a process in which interrelationships and effects between the variables lead to regional development. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the effect of regional development capital on regional development. This study aims to examine the use of PLS-SEM in designing a model of the relationship between technological innovation, capital, and workforce on regional development. This current study also aims to observe the effect of latent predictor variables (Xi) of technology, innovation, capital, and workforce on LPE, HDI, and poverty rate as the latent dependent variable of regional development (Yi). Regional development capital has a positive effect on LPE. Technology has a positive and significant effect on innovation by 92.6%. Innovation Technology positively affects Economic Growth by 14.44% but is not significant. Though it is not significant, regional capital proxied by MSMEs positively affects economic growth. The workforce has a negative and insignificant effect on the economic growth of -28.3%. LPE and HDI have a negative effect on the poverty rate, although not significant at -6.8% and -13.3%, respectively. LPE and HDI play a role in reducing poverty. However, they perform on different paths. Workforce productivity is still low. Thus, it has not been able to boost economic growth and reduce poverty. These results are expected to be utilized as a basis for developing strategies for technology utilization by MSMEs

Tangerang Regency has an economic structure dominated by the industrial sector. Population distribution, settlement location and industrial influenced land use patterns and regional development levels in Tangerang Regency. The objectives of this research are: to analyze the level of regional development and regional development inequality and factors that influence regional development; to analyze regional typology; to evaluate the consistency of land use with the Spatial Planning; and to formulate direction of the Tangerang Regency regional development plan. The method used are scalogram analysis, theil entrophy index analysis, cluster analysis, overlay and descriptive analysis. The results showed that the regional development level of the southern part of the region was higher than the northern part and the level of regional development inequality in the northern part of the region was higher than the southern part. Factors that influence the level of regional development are the percentage of settlement and industry areas, and the value of economic index, education index, and health index. Concerning typology of the area, in the northern part land use is dominated by agriculture, while in the southern region dominated by settlements and industries. The inconsistency of land use with spatial plan found mostly in the northern region. Thus, the first priority of regional development direction is to be located in the northern part that has a low level of regional development, high inequality value, high percentage of inconsistency of land use with spatial plan, and land use that is dominated by agriculture.

Regional Planning is also called Regional Development, but the conceptional difference between these two terms is not yet clear. This paper describes the concept of the region as the object of Regional Planning or Regional Development, followed by the entire framework of regional planning with the concept of planning itself.The concept of the region in Regional Science is based mainly on the concept as a method presenting region from a subjective view. However, the term region in Regional Planning is something existing on the limited surface of the earth which is a substantial concept itself. The author defines planning region, which is the object in regional planning, as follows: ‘Region is a substantial concept which means limited spatial sphere and its contents, that is, the whole of social, economic and physical phenomena produced by human activities in natural and cultural environments.’ Therefore, he proposes that ‘region’ should be defined as something ‘living’, which is formed by human beings.The concept of planning and development is also discussed in order to clarify the conceptional difference between Regional Planning and Regional Development. The concept of regional planning is grasped, in a broader sense, as an intentional impact of human beings for regional change. In a narrower sense, however, it is divided into regional planning and development. Specifically, regional planning means an ‘objective’ which motivates regional change, while regional development is grasped as a ‘means’ of the achievement of the purpose. Moreover, it is noticed that the term plan means not only ‘future programme’, but also ‘map’. Thus, regional plan expressed on the map has a special meanning.The fundamental framework of regional planning contents is presented as a result of the above discussion. This divides broadly into two categories, Activities Plan related to production activities such as industry and agriculture, living activities and public activities, and Resources Plan or Comprehensive Plan, namely environmental planning, spatial planning, population and social planning, economic planning and physical planning. The framework of each planning is relatively the same relationships between warp and woof. Resources Plan has a special significance for environmental conservation and it is expected to make a total balance among the usage of resources by activities. Thus, regional development should be executed only by being based on the developmental orientation, regional planning, which directs to environmentally sustainable development. Therefore, regional development approach or strategy as a combination of means based on planning is an important subject for us to study.

Solution of problems accumulated in Ukraine at the regional level requires introduction of new mechanisms of economic growth based on the effective use of resource potential, which promotes sustainable and balanced regional development and improves standards and quality of citizens’ life. In the opinion of domestic scientists, the category of “economic growth” is considered as sustainable, advanced development, reactivation of regional economy on the basis of intensive development and increase in gross regional product per capita. In a broad sense, “economic growth” is a constant increase in a well-being of citizens living in a country [1; 3]. The issue of low economic growth potential should be distinguished among many other economic issues of the region. Solution of this and other issues involves elaboration of various measures, both of economic, social and legislative nature. Such terms as “economic growth”, “economic development” and “resource potential” have become widespread in scientific research. According to the definition, the socio-economic content of “economic growth” category in the economic literature gives an idea of a relative change in the gross domestic product (GDP) for a certain period, as well as GDP per capita. Economic growth is a component of economic development. “Economic development” category means the transition from one stage of the economy to another, in which the new period insures not only increase in production of goods and provision of services that have already been produced/provided before, but also production of new goods and provision of services using new technologies in comparison with the previous period. “Resource potential” category includes a system of resources used in a complex way and involves the obligatory complementarity of specific resources in the process of social production (one increased resource in a system suggests simultaneous increase in another one). It consists not only of resources intended for consumption in a certain period, but also their insurance and other reserves. In addition, resource potential also determines the potential opportunity for their consumption in the process of social production. State regional policy on creation of mechanisms for stimulating economic growth requires taking into account specifics of sectoral and territorial structure of local business entities, developed institutional and legal environment, introduction of effective financial and investment leverage of economic activity stimulation, their systemic support at the level of local self-government, coordination of activities of all branches of public authority, determination of specific local capital accumulation conditions and functions of labour and employment market, as well as staffing of country’s economic sector. Sustainable social and economic development in the region is achieved through introduction of mechanisms for stimulating economic growth. These are organizational-managerial, financial-budgetary and investment, organizational-economic and information mechanisms, as well as mechanisms of infrastructure support, small and medium business stimulation, entrepreneurship activation, regional cooperation and stimulation of economic growth at the regional level. Modern market conditions promote the creation of mechanisms for stimulating economic growth at the regional level (including public-private partnership and cooperation), mechanisms for stimulating entrepreneurship and small and medium businesses, formation of cluster associations, etc. Mechanisms for stimulating economic growth involves creation of attractive investment climate in the region, generation and accumulation of financial resources (by using its own economic potential), advantage in solving socio-economic development issues, as well as innovative development of equipment, modern technologies and production organization. The main agents of implementing the stimulation of regional economic development are state and regional public authorities, regional and local representative government authorities, business entities, communities, non-governmental organizations, financial institutions, etc. Main methods affecting mechanisms for stimulating economic growth at the regional level are as follows: – Organizational methods (simplified procedure for establishing a business entity, simplified tax and statistical reporting, consulting and audit services, applied research, etc.); – Economic methods: a) of direct action (methods of subsidizing production development (creation of new jobs, corporate training and further education, certain areas of production diversification); b) of indirect action (methods of long-term lend lease, use of modern organizational forms of productive forces interaction; – Legal methods (special legally established regime of economic management in a certain territory, involving the use of certain privileges and preferences for a predetermined circle of participants or for a strictly defined territory, the conclusion of territorial agreements between strategy implementation participants, etc.). Further research areas are the development of methodological support for implementation of the strategy of forming economic growth mechanisms, among which organization of a controlled economic system, definition of region’s objectives, analysis of economic situation in the region and main trends of its development, forecasting (planning), regulation (different regulatory measures of direct and indirect order), control (provision of feedback) and others are of great importance.

The goal of this study is to demonstrate the extent of applying legitimate procedures and their accounting treatments for lease-to-own (lease purchase) transactions ending in the transfer of ownership (possessing) and in financing of education and health benefits by Islamic Banks. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the scholars have prepared a questionnaire containing the legitimate executive procedures, the operations, the accounting records (accounting processes) and the time proved for each of these lease transactions ending in the transfer of ownership and in financing of health and education benefits by Islamic Banks. The population of study as a whole has been considered as a sample of the study, because the volume of the study population is small, represented by the only four Islamic banks in Jordan. The Questionnaire was distributed among these banks. The study reached to a conclusion that the Islamic Banks in Jordan apply the legitimate procedures in the lease-to-own (lease purchase) transactions and in financing health and education benefits. And that the processes and accounting records (accounting processes) that are in harmony with the legitimate procedures of lease-to-own (lease purchase) transactions and financing of health and education, and in accordance with standard No.8 of the Accounting and Auditing Organization For Islamic Financial Institutions. The researchers recommend a guide to the Islamic Banks in Jordan towards increasing their attention in the sphere of financing health and education, due to their positive effect on the society, in respect of meeting the needs of the society and keeping the society away from forbidden financial means.

This study aims to uncover the role of educational planning in improving education quality, emphasizing the importance of a focused and sustainable strategy at the educational unit level. This study employed a literature review method, reviewing various sources, including previous research, educational policy documents, and school performance reports. Through descriptive analysis, this study sought to understand the extent to which educational planning effectively supports educational quality improvement. The study's findings indicate that educational planning, in general, is not fully oriented toward comprehensive educational goals. However, improvements in educational quality have begun to be evident through various efforts by school principals to improve the learning process and school management. The main obstacles to educational planning include a lack of administrative staff skilled in strategic planning and limited supporting resources. This study also found that quality improvement measures have been implemented, including recruiting teachers with appropriate competencies, providing training to enhance learning quality, and periodically procuring facilities and infrastructure. In conclusion, educational planning plays a crucial role in promoting educational quality improvement, but it requires strengthening the capacity of planners and more comprehensive policy support for optimal and sustainable implementation.