A decentralized vehicle re-routing approach using vehicular ad-hoc networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a special type of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Recent advances in various wireless communication technologies and the emergence of computationally rich vehicles are pushing VANET research to the forefront in academia and industry. A lot of research results have been published in various areas (such as routing, broadcasting, security and others) of VANET in the last decade covering both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenarios. One specific area of VANET that still faces significant challenges is the design of reliable and robust media access control (MAC) protocols for V2V communications. Many algorithms of V2V MAC methods (including various VANET standards) have been proposed for VANETs over the last, few years that also focused on the benefits and limitations of the proposed MAC techniques as well as their ease of implementation in practice and future deployment. In this paper, we have made the performance analysis of Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) and Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless (MACAW) for VANET environment.

Since importance of improving of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) always follow modern trends by using new wireless communication technologies, the trend of latest research topics is focusing on Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). VANET networks play a vital role in ITS due to their increasing importance for the building of ITS. VANET is a subclass of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). VANET depends on wireless technologies to establish communication between moving vehicles (nodes). An appropriate and efficient routing protocol helps to successful exchange data between mobility nodes in vehicular ad-hoc networks. VANET has a lot of similar features to MANETs such as finite bandwidth, self-arrangement, self-administration, and unstable network topology. Except it has some important features of its characteristic such as very high node mobility, delay restrictions, and frequent network outages. For this reason, routing in VANET networks is much more complex than routing in MANET networks. The purpose of this study - to evaluate the performance of protocols AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) and their impact on the performance of networks VANET. This paper differs in that it analyses the impact of network size at a large number of nodes, and different vehicle speeds on network performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, throughput, average delay, overhead and packet loss ratio and assessing the level of network performance at realistic mobility scenarios for the movement of vehicles in the street generated by Bonnmotion tool. Also, the simulation is carried out in NS-3 simulator to create VANET network topology and routing protocols.

This chapter includes a relative study of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET), and Flying ad-hoc networks (FANET). The approaches and protocol applicable to MANET are equally applicable to VANET or FANET. Authors discuss several emerging application and the future trends of MANET, VANET, and FANET. The common attacks on ad hoc networks are also introduced. The chapter enhances the overall concepts relative to MANET, VANET, and FANET. Authors compare mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET), and flying ad-hoc networks (FANET) in all aspects with the help of several examples. The chapter includes a relative and detailed study of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET), and Flying ad-hoc networks (FANET).

Advances in wireless communication technology and the proliferation of mobile devices enable the capabilities of communicating with each other even in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure. Traffic and mobility models play an important role in evaluating the performance of these communication networks. Despite criticism and assumption from various researches on Transmission Control Protocols (TCP), weaknesses on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), and Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). A simulation was carried out to evaluate the performance of Constant Bit Rate, Variable Bit Rate and Transmission Control Protocol on MANET and VANET using DSR routing protocol. CBR, VBR, and TCP have different manufacturer operation mechanisms and these differences lead to significant performance of CBR and VBR over TCP with better throughput and less average maximal end-to-end delay. DSR was able to respond to link failure at low mobility which led to TCP’s performance in packets delivery.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network(VANET) is a technology which accommodate the vehicle to interconnect with each other through a wireless network. So that it can track and locate other vehicles to provide road safety. Any fixed infrastructure is missing so effective route for transporting data communication is established. Security is a major issue in VANET as it can be life threatening. VANET is a subclass of ad hoc network and it is almost same as Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) but in VANET nodes are vehicles. It is a challenging topic because of frequent link disruptions caused by vehicle mobility. We have used AODV routing protocol in VANET for proper communication between nodes by forwarding data packets. We have implemented the gray hole attack on routing protocol AODV and shown its impact on implementation of VANET. We have analyzed variable parameters like a packet delivery ratio (PDR), normalized routing load (NRL), delay and throughput.

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a high mobility wireless ad hoc network that is targeted to support vehicular safety, traffic monitoring, and other commercial applications. Mobility models used in traditional mobile ad hoc networks cannot be directly applied to VANETs since real world factors such as road layouts and traffic regulations are not considered. In this paper, we propose a vehicular mobility model that reflects real world vehicle movement on the road. Based on the mobility, we study the performance of existing Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) routing protocols, i.e., AODV and GPSR. We observe the drawbacks of the MANET protocols and argue the inappropriateness of directly applying those MANET protocols to VANETs. We also propose simple modifications to these protocols which make them more suitable for small scale VANETs. When investigating the large scale VANETs, we introduce a two phase routing protocol that incorporates map information. The proposed protocol defines an overlay graph with roads of high vehicular density and forwards packet along the pre-calculated path in the overlay. The access, which is the rest areas relies on our modified small scale routing protocols to send packets to overlay . Both small and large scale routing protocols are validated with simulation. We generate vehicular mobility traces for different road layouts in Orlando by making vehicles follow the mobility model. We feed the traces to network simulators to study the routing behavior. Simulation results show the performance and effectiveness of our modified and proposed routing protocols for VANET scenarios.

With the rapid development of vehicle technology and wireless communication technology, a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has come into sight as a vehicular application of the well-known mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In this paper, we consider the performance issue of a large-scale VANET and extend the technology of Mobile IP used in a MANET into the VANET. In our considered hierarchical structured VANET, each roadside gateway deployed on the roadside is responsible for forming a small-scale local VANET by clustering a number of vehicles nearby. We apply the destination-sequenced distance-vector (DSDV) routing protocol and the Mobile IP to support intra- and intercommunications of local VANETs. Our studies focus on the feasibility of the proposed architecture and evaluate its network performance through an analysis of connectivity. Moreover, we investigate the influence of main network configuration parameters on performance measures such as the mobility of node, the network density, and the number of gateways and demonstrate that the architecture we proposed can achieve good performance with proper configuration parameters.

The widespread use of the Internet and the increase in the number and variety of devices connected to the internet have led to the emergence of new methods in wireless communication. Dynamic and temporary Ad-Hoc networks, which do not require a fixed infrastructure as in traditional wireless network communication, are one of these new methods. The fact that Ad-Hoc networks do not need a fixed infrastructure has revealed a network structure with a lower cost and less configuration. Mobile Ad-Hoc networks play an important role, especially in the communication of nodes on the move. FANET (Flying Ad-Hoc Networks) networks, which are called flying ad hoc networks, are mobile Ad-Hoc networks used for communication of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and VANET (Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks) networks, which are called vehicular ad hoc networks, are mobile Ad-Hoc networks used for communication of road vehicles. The development and dissemination of these networks make a significant contribution to the development of autonomous vehicles and UAVs. The increase in the use of FANET and VANET networks, which are specialized subnets of mobile Ad-Hoc networks, and the increase in the number of nodes in these networks have caused problems related to security, efficiency, and sustainability in these networks. Machine learning methods, one of today' s effective and common approaches, are one of the ways that are frequently used in solving the problems specified in FANET and VANET networks. The rapid topology change, which is one of the most important features of these networks, makes it difficult to provide traffic management, trust management, routing, and data transmission. In this direction, machine learning approaches play an active role. In this study, it is presented by examining which machine learning techniques are used in the literature to perform important tasks such as traffic management, trust management, routing, and data transfer. Thus, it is aimed for those who will work in these fields to acquire information about machine learning approaches that can be used. Since the FANET network type is a new approach, it has been observed that there are few studies using machine learning. In VANET systems, studies using machine learning methods are especially intense in 2021. This study was carried out to give the reader an idea about which machine learning methods can be used in which problems in FANET and VANET networks.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), is a promising approach for the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The design of routing protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for support the smart ITS. The key difference of VANET and MANET is the special mobility pattern and rapidly changeable topology. It is not effectively applied the existing routing protocols of MANETs into VANETs. In this chapter, we mainly survey new routing results in VANET. The authors introduce unicast protocol, multicast protocol, geocast protocol, mobicast protocol, and broadcast protocol. It is observed that carry-and-forward is the new and key consideration for designing all routing protocols in VANETs. With the consideration of multi-hop forwarding and carryand- forward techniques, min-delay and delay-bounded routing protocols for VANETs are discussed in VANETs. Besides, the temporary network fragmentation problem and the broadcast storm problem are further considered for designing routing protocols in VANETs. The temporary network fragmentation problem caused by rapidly changeable topology influence on the performance of data transmissions. The broadcast storm problem seriously affects the successful rate of message delivery in VANETs. The key challenge is to overcome these problems to provide routing protocols with the low communication delay, the low communication overhead, and the low time complexity.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are considered as a special case of mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and are recently gaining a great attention from the research community. The need for improved road safety, traffic efficiency and direct communication along with the great complexity in routing, makes VANETs a highly challenging field. Routing in VANETs has to adapt to special characteristics such as high speed and road pattern movement as well as high linkage break probability. In this work, the authors show that traditional MANET routing protocols cannot efficiently handle the challenges in a VANET environment and thus need further modifications. For this reason, they propose and implement an enhancement mechanism, applied to the GPSR routing protocol that adapts to the needs of a VANET. The proposed mechanism's performance is evaluated through simulation sets for urban and highway scenarios and compared to the performance of the most common MANET routing protocols adopted in VANETs. The proposed enhancement is shown to be considerably beneficial and it significantly outperforms the rest of the tested routing protocols for almost every topology setting.

Mobile ad–hoc and vehicular networks are excellent examples of the proliferation of wireless data communication technologies. A mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) consists of wireless devices which can dynamically be setup and can operate without any centralized control. One promising application of MANETs is the vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). A VANET is a combination of an architectural network and an ad-hoc network. VANETs are distributed self-organizing networks of mobile vehicles. This chapter introduces both MANETs and VANETs, their characteristics and challenges, and presents the various protocols and applications optimized for them.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging area of research now-a-days due to its support for road safety and comfort applications. VANET is a subclass of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) which allows vehicle to vehicle (V2V) as well as vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication. Due to high mobility and frequently changing topology of vehicles, the MANET protocols cannot be directly used for VANET environments. The major research challenges in VANET are congestion control, link repair and collision avoidance. Mobile as well as fixed infrastructure units play an important role in the efficient routing in VANET by providing the traffic information to the vehicles on road. The fixed infrastructure mainly consists of traffic lights and road side units whereas the mobile infrastructure mainly consists of buses which are used for communication in VANET. In this paper, some infrastructure based routing protocols are discussed which offer higher Quality of Service (QoS) than the existing VANET routing protocols.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). QoS routing protocols are fundamental part of VANETs that aim to provide services with guaranteed quality. Existing routing protocols of MANET can be applied to VANETs as well but they do not perform well under the dynamic conditions of VANETs such as, fast moving nodes and frequent disconnections in the network. In this paper we propose a novel QoS routing protocol for VANETs. The proposed scheme takes a localization approach by a road segment as a road between intersections. Every road segment can calculate candidate paths with QoS parameters, and vehicles on intersections serve as the gateway nodes to calculate the weights for the routes on local road segments and select reliable route based on these weights to connect the road segments. Our proposed scheme is designed to improve the delivery ratio and end to end delay with guaranteed quality in highly mobile VANET environments. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme performs better than AODV in aforementioned performance metrics.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is subclass of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) which has become active area for research, standardization, and development because it has tremendous potential to improve vehicle and road safety, traffic efficiency. There are lot of challenges in VANET to route the packet to destination because of high mobility involved in the network. keeping the constraint of mobility in view, this paper provides a review of various routing techniques based on clustering algorithm. The main motive is to select a particular technique that exist in literature depending on the need of applications. Clustering in VANET is a control scheme to manage media access and make VANET as a global topology. Most algorithms and protocols are derived from Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) which have some challenges and regarding issues. The architecture of VANETs with the application and constraints of routing protocols is explained in this paper. It searches the motivation behind the development of these clustering protocols. In this paper classification of various clustering routing protocols is done on the basis of following parameters i.e. research methodology, their advantages and disadvantage, various challenges and problems faced during the implementation of routing technique. Keywords: Clustering, Routing Protocols, Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) , , V2V, V2I, ITS

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are autonomous and self-configurable wireless ad hoc networks and considered as a subset of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). MANET is composed of self-organizing mobile nodes which communicate through a wireless link without any network infrastructure. A VANET uses vehicles as mobile nodes for creating a network within a range of 100 to 1000 meters. VANET is developed for improving road safety and for providing the latest services of intelligent transport system (ITS). The development and designing of efficient, self-organizing, and reliable VANET are a challenge because the node's mobility is highly dynamic which results in frequent network disconnections and partitioning. VANET protocols reduce the power consumption, transmission overhead, and network partitioning successfully by using multicast routing schemes. In multicasting, the messages are sent to multiple specified nodes from a single source. The novel aspect of this paper is that it categorizes all VANET multicast routing protocols into geocast and cluster-based routing. Moreover, the performance of all protocols is analyzed by comparing their routing techniques and approaches.