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Abstract
Abstract: 1,4-Dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) are highly versatile and bioactive compounds known for their pharmacological properties, including cardiovascular, anticancer, and anti-oxidant activities. Traditional synthesis methods often involve harsh conditions, such as high temperatures, toxic reagents, and lengthy reaction times, leading to poor yields and envi-ronmental concerns. Consequently, there has been a growing focus on developing more sus-tainable, efficient, and eco-friendly alternatives for their synthesis. Among these, the catalyt-ic one-pot multicomponent reaction (MCR) method has emerged as a promising strategy, of-fering high efficiency. Catalysts play a crucial role in enhancing reaction efficiency and se-lectivity, with various systems—metal-based, organocatalysts, polymer-supported catalysts, and enzymatic catalysts—each offering unique advantages. Metal catalysts provide high re-activity and selectivity, organocatalysts are more environmentally benign, polymer-supported catalysts offer improved stability and sustainability, and enzymatic catalysts ena-ble highly specific reactions under mild conditions. However, challenges such as catalyst cost, reusability, scalability, and substrate scope remain. This review examines catalytic strategies for 1,4-DHPs synthesis from 2016 to 2024, highlighting reaction conditions, sub-strates, and yields. The analysis aims to inspire further exploration of new catalytic methods, expanding the application of 1,4-DHPs in medicinal chemistry.
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