Abstract
Advanced sensing and measurement techniques are key technologies to realize a smart grid. The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect has revolutionized the fields of data storage and magnetic measurement. In this work, a design of a GMR current sensor based on a commercial analog GMR chip for applications in a smart grid is presented and discussed. Static, dynamic and thermal properties of the sensor were characterized. The characterizations showed that in the operation range from 0 to ±5 A, the sensor had a sensitivity of 28 mV·A−1, linearity of 99.97%, maximum deviation of 2.717%, frequency response of −1.5 dB at 10 kHz current measurement, and maximum change of the amplitude response of 0.0335%·°C−1 with thermal compensation. In the distributed real-time measurement and monitoring of a smart grid system, the GMR current sensor shows excellent performance and is cost effective, making it suitable for applications such as steady-state and transient-state monitoring. With the advantages of having a high sensitivity, high linearity, small volume, low cost, and simple structure, the GMR current sensor is promising for the measurement and monitoring of smart grids.
Highlights
Smart grids are the latest trend in the World’s power system
Where V is the output voltage of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) current sensor, I and f are the magnitude and frequency of the current passing through the wire, respectively, T is the environmental temperature, VS is the power supply voltage of the sensor, μ is the relative permeability around the sensor, r is the distance from the wire to the sensor, θ is the angle between the magnetic field direction and the axis of sensitivity of the GMR chip, and BD is the surrounding parasitic magnetic field
Where Vout+ and Vout− are the voltage outputs of the GMR chip, V+ and V− are the power supply voltages of the GMR chip, and R is the intrinsic resistance of the four elements when no magnetic field is applied. ∆R is the change of the resistance of the two active elements under a magnetic field, and ∆R
Summary
Smart grids are the latest trend in the World’s power system. They represent an evolution towards a more optimized and sustainable energy system using the implementation of information technology [1,2,3]. Grünberg and Fert separately discovered this phenomenon in 1988 [4,5,6], which revolutionized the field of data storage and magnetic measurement. For their significant contributions, they were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physics [7]. A GMR sensor for highly-sensitive stress measurement has been introduced [14]; an eddy current testing probe based on the spin-valve GMR effect has been developed for inspecting printed circuit boards [15]. The characteristics of the GMR sensor, such as its static characteristics, dynamic characteristics and thermal characteristics were tested
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