A critical review on the efficient cooling strategy of batteries of electric vehicles: Advances, challenges, future perspectives

Abstract

In order to comply with greenhouse gas emission standards in the current period, electric cars, or EVs, represent a possible solution. One of the most promising technologies for the sustainable energy revolution, and one of these EVs, is battery energy storage. However, because lithium batteries generate heat inside, their operating temperature considerably impacts their performance and longevity. The most significant obstacle for the battery nodule designer is regulating the operating temperature (between 15 and 35 °C), controlled by a battery thermal management system (BTMS). The study identifies a research gap in the predominant focus on phase change material (PCM) cooling and highlights the novelty of exploring direct liquid cooling as a robust strategy for enhancing battery performance and longevity. This review study summarizes different efficient cooling strategies for batteries and advances and the thermal characteristics, challenges, and future perspectives of the BTMs. A thorough overview of the major investigations and findings of the experimental, simulation, and modeling work on BTMs is conducted. This study also covers the optimization and control aspect of the battery operation for precise control, ensuring safety and lower energy usage. This study aligns with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Sustainable battery cooling solutions contribute to EV batteries' longevity and align with ESG principles by promoting energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. This review research provides direction for future improvements or development of the most practical and effective BTMs.