A critical assessment of the efficacy of biocides used during the hydraulic fracturing process in shale natural gas wells

Abstract

We examined the efficacy of multiple biocides that are commonly used to control sulfate-reducing bacteria in fracturing fluids in shale natural gas formations. Seven biocides (tetrakis [hydroxymethyl] phosphonium sulfate, sodium hypochlorite, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, tri-n-butyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride, glutaraldehyde, a glutaraldehyde and alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride blend, and a glutaraldehyde alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chloride blend) were examined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using planktonic cells and biofilms of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strain G20 and a sulfate-reducing enrichment culture that was obtained from a Barnett Shale frac pond. All biocides had higher MIC values for biofilms compared to planktonic cells from these two cultures. Higher concentrations of all biocides, except didecyldimethylammonium chloride, were required to kill planktonic cells of G20 that were exposed to humic acid. These results clearly indicate that biofilm formation by sulfate-reducing bacteria, as well as organic loading rates, negatively impact the efficacy of biocides. This work provides valuable information concerning the effects of biofilm formation and organic loading on biocide MIC values. These MIC data can be used as a guide for the control of microbial growth in future frac jobs, which should result in fewer incidences of sulfide production and corrosion in shale natural gas wells.