A Contrastive Analysis of the Vocabulary of the Izhma Dialect of the Komi-Zyryan Language (Based on Materials from M. A. Castrén’s Dictionary and Modern Audio Documentation)

Th e author presents the main sources on shamanism among the northern groups of the Ob Ugrians of the 17th – early 21st centuries. Th e issues of the development or decline of shamanism in the northern regions of Western Siberia aft er its annexation by the Russian Empire are considered. Th e ethnographic materials collected by the Circumpolar Ethnographic Team in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 1983–2023 are described in detail. Th e appendix to the monograph contains a catalog of shamanic drums. Th e book is addressed to archaeologists, ethnographers, historians, and students of the local lore.

Validation of a digital audio recording method for the objective assessment of cough in the horse

This thesis describes the making of the Kiriwina to English dictionary and its structure and content. The dictionary, which presently exists as a computer file containing some 20,000 entries, was compiled over several decades and is the most comprehensive for Kiriwina yet written. There are seven chapters. In the first chapter, after introducing the people's land, language and culture, I give an account of past research into their language. Chapter 2 sketches Kiriwina phonology, and sets out the orthography. Chapter 3 provides a fairly detailed grammar sketch, including an account of the various grammatical categories which appear in dictionary entries and which are integral to the organisation of entries and subentries. The balance of the thesis treats theoretical and especially practical problems encountered in the making of the dictionary. Chapter 4 outlines the history of the project, including my personal history and place in the Kiriwina community in the work of Bible translation. Particular attention is paid to the selection of the Kavataria dialect of Kiriwina as the language documented in the dictionary, and to the level of indigenous participation in this dialect choice. Expected main users of the dictionary are identified. The methods of fieldwork and data collection employed in compilation are detailed, together with the reasons for excluding certain classes of words, such as most proper nouns. Various technical problems encountered in making the dictionary are noted; many of these are elaborated on in later chapters. The remaining three chapters deal with the actual content and organisation of the dictionary. Chapter 5 describes the various types of entries and the ordering of data within entries. The concept of a family of lexemes, related by virtue of sharing one particular lexeme as a primary constituent, is an important feature of the organisation of this dictionary. Chapter 6 defines the key notion of 'lexical unit' or 'sense unit' as opposed to 'lexeme' (a headword which may consist of many sense units) and outlines the criteria used to identify lexicalised multi-morphemic words and multiword expressions. Finally, chapter 7 treats semantic relations between lexical units such as synonymy, antonymy, and inclusion, and the ways these relations are recorded in dictionary entries.

The works of renowned Slavicist Ludmila Kalnyn’ constitute an integral hypertext, exhibiting the movement of ideas, goals, and methods of studying Slavonic dialects in the second half of the 20th c. and the early 21st c. These works feature innovative methodologies and techniques of dialect research, such as her precise technique of modelling individual subdialects (i.e. actual communicative dialect systems) and dialect language (i.e. a construct comprising individual subdialects); this promising method has proved to be effective and has been adopted by other dialect researchers. Furthermore, she formulated a range of problems solution of which was aimed to the structure and functioning of dialects, their status in the national language stratigraphy, and areal characteristics of items and phenomena found in dialects. The scope of dialect modelling includes subdialect phonological systems, syllable-internal structure and syllabification, and word as both the field and the factor of phonetic changes. Her modelling technique involves the sequential use of sets of distinctive features of the objects under study, also taking into account the regularity of manifestation of features in dialect speech and conditions of their neutralization. Empirical databases were created regarding Slavonic (viz. Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Bulgarian and Sorbian) dialects, including their systemic descriptions. Special attention was given to the status of modern dialects against the background of other strata of the national language, and to their role in forming and present-day development of literary language. In her research, Kalnyn’ has demonstrated: – the advantage of the exhaustive systemic description of a dialect based on the system of distinctive features over descriptions of random subdialectal features against the background of standard language, the importance of uncontradictory explication of preconditions and chronotope of the origin of structural and functional specificity of modern Slavonic dialects; – the importance of joint approach combining synchronic systemic description with the elucidation of the history of every structural element and phenomenon, establishing their spread within national and general Slavonic continuum as a means of achieving the completeness of dialectal knowledge; – the heuristic value of identification and detailed analysis not only of entities and phenomena widely spread within a dialectal continuum, but also of locally limited ones of the ancient origin or, on the contrary, resulting from recent innovations; – the necessity for comprehensive dialectal studies of consistently considering social, historical, and cultural circumstances of a subdialect’s functioning within society. Many years of her active participation in the work on The General Slavonic Linguistic Atlas (including the identification and development of its theoretical foundations, production of numerous phonetic maps, especially interpretative and generalizing ones), analysis of phonetic Slavonic areas determined the dynamics of her views on many phenomena of Slavonic phonetics. At the same time, working in the international collective, and organizing international conferences dedicated to problems of Slavonic dialectology, led to the dissemination of L. E. Kalnyn’s ideas, theoretical generalizations, and practical experience. The trajectory of this experience’s emergence is insolubly linked with the conceptual development of present-day Slavonic dialectology.

The present article describes the semantic features of names of persons functioning in the modern Russian language. The materials of the study were obtained from the Russian National Corpus, Russian dictionaries, texts of research articles on pedagogical issues, the information lexicographic resource "New in Russian vocabulary. Dictionary materials", and others. Changes occurring in the modern educational sphere have an impact on the Russian language vocabulary since the emergence of new lexical units as well as the development of new meanings of lexemes already functioning in a particular thematic group becomes necessary to denote new phenomena in the modern educational process.It is relevant to study words that have become current in modern Russian written and spoken language but are not included in lexicographical sources. Such research using continuous sampling of factual material, descriptive and statistical methods, analysis and synthesis, componential analysis as well as analysis of the socio-cultural context enables one to determine the meanings of new naming units, describe the specific features of their combinability, and identify their syntagmatic potential. As a result of the conducted research, we identified 213 names of persons, i. e., naming units for educators, students, and heads of educational institutions engaged in the educational process at different levels of education. Next, we analysed semantic changes of the vocabulary in the educational activity sphere, identified new lexical units and described their meanings. Additionally, lexical units in groups of synonyms were analysed. The obtained results of the study enable us to identify dynamic lexical semantic processes, the development of syntagmatic and paradigmatic properties of lexical units naming persons in the educational sphere. The conclusion emphasises the importance of derivational word formation in the neologisation of the modern Russian language as well as the outlook for studying new word families evolving in the language.

The representatives of the Upper Bal and Lower Bal dialects who migrated in the Kodori (resp. Dali) Gorge to Upper Svaneti a century and a half ago, before the occupation of their territory they were mixed with each other according to the villages, that caused the resemblance of one dialect to another in their speech. Interference gained a form of adstrat that "arises due to the equal knowledge of two languages or dialects during their free mutual influence; It is a live process of interference of languages (dialects), and interference always appears in the direct contacts of languages (dialects)" (B. Jorbenadze). This phenomenon has been observed in the speech of the Kodori’s (resp. Dali’s) Upper Svan population in the 70s of the last century by M. Kaldani; Despite the issue, its investigation wasn’t proceeded in the last century by the kartvelologists. Only in the early 21st century it was renewed, when Iza Chantladze delivered a speech on the topic "Peculiarities of the Defective Verbs in the Kodori Gorge’s Svan” at the scientific session of the Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics. This initiative was the basis for further thorough study of Svan speech of the Kodori Gorge’s population under the supervision of I. Chantladze at Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics. The work was significantly complicated due to the well-known military actions: At certain times, the trip to the Kodori Gorge was associated with great risk. However, a group of scientists interested in the issue to some extent still managed it. As the result of this devotion (literally!) a large empirical material was obtained and 835-page publication "Kodorian Chronicles" was published, where the specifics and properties of the Kodorian speech are discussed. The logical question was raised: Whether Kodorian speech is dialect or not? Proceeding with the investigation to solve the problem failed at that stage, as this area became inaccessible not only for Georgian scientists but it has been completely emptied from Georgians and the local population has been dispersed throughout the regions of Georgia as refugees: Svaneti, Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti…Research has become even more significant, since the non-compact life of the population speaking an analytical speech threatened changes in their speech code. In 2016, the Rustaveli Foundation funded the fundamental research project: "Place of Kodorian Speech in Svan Language System" (Principal investigator I. Chantladze), which opened the way for the long-term observation on the speech of Kodorian population dispersed throughout Georgia and for new results. Working on the project is not over yet, but preliminary observations demonstrate a noteworthy picture that includes phonetics, grammar and vocabulary. Since analytical topic is very extensive, I will bring only some of the most common and noteworthy interference occurrences in the work.

The article states that in early 21st century, Slavic linguistics lexicographic arrangement of the dialect appeared to preserve the original lexical stock shaped through a national outlook and mentality, as well as cultural values of the creative Ukrainian nation. The article is aimed to represent the dialect stock of the Ukrainian lexicography in the early 21st century, as well as to stress the importance of a dialect text as a source for arranging a regional dictionary. That has accentuated the dialect text proper as a source for arranging a regional dictionary that includes specially represented patois lexical units, their registration according to the dialects and their expansion in the area under consideration. The approach enables a detailed description of the status quo, its peculiar features represented in the differentiated names, as well as peculiar stressed forms, regular and sporadic shifts in vowels and consonants in the registered lexical units. In spontaneous speech, lexical meanings are more complete and more objectively revealed, being largely enforced by new meanings in microtexts. The authors have proved that arranging dictionaries by meaningful texts complete reveals the registered units, as well as regional and local ones in spontaneous speech in various word-building, phonetic and grammatical variants in the dialect aspect. Broad comments provided for the entries are taken from dialect texts and ensure progress to a next narrative fragment promoting a way to learning other linguistic units characteristic of dialects. The dictionary grows into a hypertext, leading the reader from one registered unit to another, providing ethnic linguistic information while revealing a specific status quo interpreted by dialect speakers.

The article highlights the topical issues of internationalization of the Russian vocabulary in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The article touches such important issues as the impact of lexical borrowings on the language culture of the ethnic group, the use of internationalisms in modern verbal communication. The language change is considered with regard to domestic sources of language development and the historical transformations in society. Special attention is paid to the vocabulary of the media as the source of changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language. New lexical borrowings serve the language sector in general and certain micro-areas of society in particular, so the consistency of new lexical units is manifested in functional terms as well. The author makes classification of the layers of borrowed vocabulary in terms of functioning foreign words, including aspects of their adaptation. The study shows that in 16 thematic groups the most filled fields of communication are: economy and finance, politics, computer services, culture, sports.

The article talks about the use of various substandard units in artistic and artistic-journalistic texts of the second half of the 20th century − the beginning of the 21st century. In works of art of the 20th century, lexical units from various types of jargon, argot, and youth slang are significant in quantitative terms, although everything depends on the topic and communicative purpose of the author of the text. Since fiction reflects real reality rethought by the creative imagination of the author, in the 20th century in a number of literary texts the use of substandard vocabulary and phraseology became necessary. At the same time, many linguistic studies note that the activation of substandard vocabulary and its penetration into colloquial speech reduces the expressive potential of the vocabulary and phraseology of the standard, correlated with the literary language. Considering substandard vocabulary within the artistic space of Russian literature of the late 20th – early 21st centuries, it should be noted that this vocabulary has become actively in demand in works of the detective genre, in artistic and artistic-journalistic works that comprehend the era of the Great Terror, as well as in works about youth and for youth. Modern research in the field of substandard vocabulary of literary texts allows us to fully analyze the modern language space. The modern substandard implements various functions in literary texts, from nominative to cognitive and cumulative, from the expression of emotions to vivid evaluativeness. The substandard is currently becoming a source of replenishment of the stylistically reduced layer of modern colloquial speech.

Introduction. To date, in linguistics, the problem of separating figurative words from other expressive language units remains unresolved. The criteria according to which a given lexical unit is marked as figurative in an explanatory dictionary are unclear. The aim of the research is to identify and analyze the types of figurative words and expressions in the Khanty language. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted using texts in the Kazym dialect of the Khanty language, employing Wolfgang Steinitz’s “Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der Ostjakischen Sprache” (1966–1991). The author’s approach to the topic is based on an understanding of language as a complex, multi-level system, the individual elements of which are studied by linguists using various methods. The essence of the most important method for us lies in the systematization of concepts that describe units of the same nature and that stand in relations of variability to one another. In our case, figurative words and expressions are examined as expressive means, and their distinctive features are identified against the background of epithets, metaphors, and similes. In the course of textual analysis, all expressive means are first identified, followed by those linguistic units whose semantics contain an indication of the location of the source, the original. The semantics of words whose meanings imply the presence of a figurative component are verified using W. Steinitz’s dialectological and etymological dictionary. It is also assumed that many figurative words and expressions of the Khanty language are already recorded in this dictionary. Results and Discussion. The analysis of speech samples in the Khanty language has revealed the possibility of distinguishing figurative words and expressions from other expressive means and of deriving a specific typology of figurative units in the language. Lexical figurative units include the majority of figurative meanings of words, compound words (including those formed through the transference of meaning of one of their components), and figurative phrases (including those that are part of proverbs and sayings). Contextual figurative units are words and combinations whose figurative component arises within a given specific context. Conclusion. The practical significance of the study lies in the effectiveness of searching for figurative words and expressions in colloquial speech and literary works – that is, in those types of discourse where they are actively used. The prospects for further research are associated with accumulating sufficient material to compile a dictionary of figurative words and expressions in the Khanty language.

This article discusses the peculiarities of linguistic consciousness of the representatives of ethnoses of Latin American countries through the modern dialects of Spanish language. Analysis is conducted on the lexicon of the national cuisine of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The article includes the analysis of linguistic zones of the Spanish language. The goal lies in examination of the lexicon of national cuisine of Latin American countries and, and creation of culinary dictionary of Spanish-speaking countries. The author aims to determine the national-specific gastronomic realities of Latin American countries through the prism of ethno-cultural space, and establish correlation between the uniqueness of gastronomic realities with the mentality and fragments of the linguistic worldview of Latin American countries. The conclusion is formulated on the impact of loanwords upon the national culinary lexicon of Latin American countries. The author draws a chart with the lexemes of national cuisines of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. In accordance with the linguistic zones of Spanish language, the national culinary lexicon is divided into three groups of indigenisms; considering the influence of other languages on the formation of the vocabulary of the regional Spanish language, the national culinary lexicon is divided into the following loanwords (Africanisms, Arabisms, Gallicisms, Anglicisms, and Italianisms). Lexical units, which are widespread in the territory of two, three, or four national dialects of the Spanish language are referred to as regionalisms. Lexical units that are characteristic to one national dialect of the Spanish language are referred to as variantisms. The proper names are allocated into a separate group. The scientific novelty consists in examination of the poorly studied national culinary lexicon of such Latin American countries as Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Digital Audio Recording is a media formed in CDs to enhance students' listening skill. Digital audio recording was conducted in relation to the fact that there are a lot of students who have learned English for several years but they are still reluctant to speak. The process of using digital audio recording started with listening session to show some examples of a situational conversation and the expressions that can be used in it. The expressions were in common situations that students usually face in daily speaking English. The next steps were composing their own speaking as well exposed in the listening materials and recording their voice in a digital form using sound recording in a computer. Using digital audio recording created atmosphere of fun to the students to start speaking in English after they have got the exposure from the listening materials. The students are allowed to operate their recording and listen again to what they have produced in speaking.Digital audio recording is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice. Digital audio recording was used in this research as digital audio records in listening materials and the students' projects. Digital audio records can be kept eternally as long as they are not corrupted by virus. Other goodness of digital audio recording is it can track precisely any parts wanted by the listeners. So the teachers could easily which part was needed to repeat for some times. It made listening activities easier to conduct and clearer in quality of sounds compared to analogue one.The events depicted the process of learning speaking in language laboratory and in the classroom and how students are learning speaking using digital audio recording. By looking into their learning and performance in speaking using digital audio recording, it can be seen how far this phenomenon affects students' language production. It would show their enjoyment in learning English and they could see their weakness in performing speaking. Students' reflection on using digital audio recording to learn speaking was to hear the students' voice on it. Teacher's voice was also used as supporting points on how this phenomenon contributes to students' performance in speaking. Moreover, digital audio recording helps them to know their speaking skill level and hopefully would improve their speaking ability.The findings of the research contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon, that using digital audio recording becomes the needs and is beneficial to support students in learning a-language to improve their productive skill i.e. speaking ability and performance, personally for their future careers. For the teachers, it can be beneficial to pedagogical suggestions. The findings imply suggested learning activities regarding to students' autonomy and empowerment. Eventually, the findings of this research would humbly contribute in increasing life quality in broad understanding.

This article studies the thematic group ‘Food’ in the dialects of the area located at the upper reaches of the Nepryadva river. Food, as well as the arrangement of the dwelling, household items, folk costumes, is part of the everyday culture of the people. The material for the study was an array of unique lexemes collected in filed research in five settlements of the Volovsky district of the Tula region. Since ancient times, population of this area has been engaged in various activities, crafts, trades. In the course of the study, we identified lexical units that denote the names of foods, meals, and drinks. The entire array of tokens was grouped into 6 thematic subgroups. The lexical units were described from the point of view of semantics; the motivational features of their denomination were determined. The collected material was compared with data from a number of lexicographic sources such as dialect dictionaries and dictionaries of the modern Russian language. It should be emphasized that, despite the persistent tendency to leveling, dialectal lexical facts related to the thematic group ‘Food’ continue to exist in modern dialects. The analysis of the lexemes made it possible to single out among them: unique lexemes that are not presented in dialect dictionaries or in dictionaries of the modern Russian language; semantic dialectisms; lexemes whose meaning is close to the literary one; lexemes found in dialect dictionaries in similar meanings; lexemes that are noted not only in the dialects of the territory under study but also in Ryazan dialects, in the identical or similar meaning. The studied content of this thematic group and the lexical units included in it require further scholarly reflection.

Article analysis consists the list the significance of the main results that were obtained when analyzing the graph-phonetic features of the first Cyrillic books in the XIX century:1.The first Cyrillic books allow us to see how the classification of dialects changed.2.The first Cyrillic books allow you to date the time of phonetic changes.3.The first Cyrillic books make it possible to verify the accuracy of transcription of extinct dialects completed by different authors.4.The first Cyrillic books made it possible to identify phenomena that persist in modern dialects and existed in the XIX century, but previously did not attract the systematic attention of scientists.5.The first Cyrillic books make it possible to clarify the territory where speakers of some dialects had previously lived.6.The first Cyrillic books confirm the reconstruction of the proto-language.7.First books allow us to clarify the reconstruction of the proto-language.8.The first Cyrillic books allow us to establish who was the true creator of literary languages.

It seems fitting, in a number of LANGUAGE dedicated to Leonard Bloomfield, to apply the technique of phonemic analysis to one of the Germanic languages with which he has so long been associated. The present study attempts to analyze the segmental phonemes of Gothic, as far as the written evidence allows us to; and to sketch the changes between Proto-Germanic and Gothic.1. Consonants. Bloomfield shows us how, by using the comparative method, we can reconstruct the phonemes of Proto-Germanic and, as a supplementary detail, obtain a rough phonetic description of these phonemes.2 By applying this method, we arrive at the following fifteen Proto-Germanic consonants: three voiceless stops /p t k/, three voiceless spirants /f b x/, three voiced stopspirants /b d g/, two sibilants /s z/, two liquids /1 r/, and two nasals /m n/. If we assume, as part of the comparative method, that any phonetic change from Proto-Indo-European which is shared by all the Germanic languages is, by definition, also shared by Proto-Germanic, we can even make a few statements about the allophones of four of these phonemes: /n/ = (1) [i] before /g/ and /k/.3 Our oldest Germanic documents--excluding Gothic for the moment--show orthographic n before g and k: ON fingr, OE finger, OHG fingar 'finger'; OE drincan, OHG trinkan 'drink'. We interpret this n as [ij] because the modern dialects which preserve the nasal are unanimous