A Conceptual Framework for the Integration of Transportation Management Systems and Carbon Calculators

Currently, the system of accounting and monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions is being formed in the Russian Federation. It should be noted that within the framework of the system being formed, the transport sector is considered as the main contributor that generates large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions in cities and on busy federal highways. At the same time, it is proposed to take into account emissions directly when burning fuel only by road, city electric, rail, water and air transport. The article discusses methods for estimating gross emissions from road facilities using data mining methods aimed at verifying the results obtained. The article also presents the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions for road facilities in the pilot region with a description of the verification algorithm for the results obtained. The results of testing the methods for determining greenhouse gas emissions by road facilities showed that this calculation method can be used in estimating greenhouse gas emissions at road facilities, however, reliable baseline data for calculating gross greenhouse gas emissions can only be obtained by analyzing the activities of economic entities in transport and in the road sector. It should be borne in mind that business entities are not obliged to provide information constituting commercial secrets from their point of view. Therefore, the results obtained are of an estimated nature and relate only to those objects, data on which could be obtained from official statistics and free sources, while the actual amount of greenhouse gas emissions from road facilities in the pilot region during the period under review may be significantly higher.

The development of measures and technologies for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions requires assessing the existing emission sources and obtaining a quantitative estimate of the emissions. A significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is made by the energy sector, which includes not only generation facilities that burn fossil fuels to produce heat and electricity but also enterprises engaged in their extraction. As an approach for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction of fuel and energy resources, the methods developed at the Institute of Global Climate and Ecology named after Yu.A. Israel. These methods for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions are based on the Guidelines of the Interstate Group of Experts on climate change from 2006, supplemented by national methodological developments, taking into account domestic experience in conducting inventories and scientific research. To estimate greenhouse gas emissions, national emission coefficients were used, taking into account the territorial aspect. Such coefficients are developed for different types of fuels based on their physico-chemical properties used in various fields of activity. The calculation of greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction of fuel and energy resources includes an assessment of emissions into the atmosphere directly from the extraction of coal and hydrocarbons, as well as subsequent operations with resources. The calculation of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide and methane) during coal mining was carried out taking into account the open and closed production methods. Estimates of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere during hydrocarbon production take into account certain types of activities: drilling, testing and maintenance of existing oil wells; extraction and primary processing of natural gas; transportation of hydrocarbons; storage of natural gas; gas distribution; flaring of petroleum (associated) gas; gas disposal during oil and gas production; natural gas flaring during gas extraction and primary processing. An assessment of the spatial distribution of greenhouse gas emissions made it possible to identify the main activities that cause greenhouse gas emissions during the extraction of energy resources and to determine which Federal Districts of Russia are the major contributors. As a result, it is obtained that the total estimated greenhouse gas emissions in Russia from the extraction of fuel and energy resources are estimated at 208 million tons of CO2-eq, with a predominant share of 67 % from activities in the field of hydrocarbon production (oil, condensate and natural gas). In spatial distribution the estimations of greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction of fossil energy resources show the significant predominance of the emissions in the Urals and Siberian Federal Districts, which account for 74 % of the Russian indices. That being said, whereas coal-mining emissions prevail in the Siberian Federal District, hydrocarbon production emissions predominate in the Urals Federal District.

The factor required for estimating greenhouse gas emission, i.e. the fossil carbon fraction, excludes the biomass fraction of incinerated waste and can be applied as a major factor in estimating greenhouse gas emissions. In Korea, the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from waste incineration facilities is calculated by using a solid waste incinerated amount default values (biomass fraction, content of dry matter, etc.) provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang (IPCC). However, this method cannot reflect the characteristics of Korea. This method is likely to overestimate or underestimate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to investigate the difference in emissions between the actual values of the biomass content based on the exhaust gas standard and the IPCC defaults applied in the calculation of the national emissions. The comparative result indicates that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions calculated using the solid waste composition method is 70.71 tons CO 2 /day and using the flue gas analysis is 56.92 tons CO 2 /day. This verifies that the former method overestimates the amount of greenhouse gas emissions compared with the latter method. The difference is caused by applying both factors in estimating greenhouse gas emissions and the basic values provided in the IPCC guideline. In addition, although the IPCC reported 10% of biomass content, it is 41.06% as a result of actual analysis, and hence, it is considered that there will be a difference depending on the biomass content. Thus, to increase the reliability of the calculated greenhouse gas emissions, these should be estimated by considering national characteristics.

To curb global warming, the calculation of the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions must be discussed. The GHG protocol, an international GHG accounting standard, requires the calculation of indirect GHG emissions, called Scope 3 GHG emissions, throughout the supply chain. Accurate calculation of GHG emissions requires primary data, such as sensor data. However, because Scope 3 GHG emissions cross multiple organizations, the calculation of indirect emissions has some problems from the perspectives of trade secrecy, cost of aggregation, and data integrity. In this study, we propose an architecture to solve those problems using homomorphic encryption. Trade secrets are protected because GHG emissions are calculated in encrypted form. Aggregation is simplified because the calculated data are stored in the database organized for information extraction. If there is a problem with the data, it can be traced back. To evaluate the validity of the proposed architecture, we performed a case study focusing on GHG emissions from vehicle travel, which is part of a real supply chain. We experimentally evaluated the computation time at the edge and the data capacity to be communicated on the local 5G network. Consequently, our proposed architecture worked well and could be used to calculate Scope 3 GHG emissions.

The activities of several sectors cause an increase in the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Household activities also produce greenhouse gas emissions, mainly from cooking, electricity use, solid waste, and wastewater. The dominant greenhouse gas emissions from household activities are CO2, CH4, and N2O. This study aims to inventory greenhouse gas emissions from household activities in Medan City and determine several mitigation scenarios in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from household activities. The method used in calculating greenhouse gas emissions is the IPCC method. The results of an inventory of GHG emissions from household activities in Medan City for energy consumption (LPG and electricity) are 1.16 million tons CO2e/year, household solid waste is 36801.5 tons CO2e/year, and household wastewater is 198723.12 tons CO2e/year. The scenario of replacing LPG with an induction stove can reduce GHG emissions by an average of 21.08%, the design of using solar panels on the roof can reduce GHG emissions by an average of 30.19%, the composting scenario can reduce GHG emissions by an average of 0.38% and utilization CH4 from household wastewater as electrical energy can reduce GHG emissions by 1.23%.

Taking sample processes from the combined heat and power plant in Busan Fashion Color Industry Complex, the characteristics and amounts of greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions were analysed and calculated, respectively. Based on the results, environmental assessment was evaluated for recent 3 years. The amounts of GHG emissions from 2011 to 2013 were estimated at 182,750, 184,384 and 190,250 Ton.CO2eq/year, respectively. GHG emissions from stationary combustion sources were found to be more than 99 % of the total emissions. Also, the overall eco-efficiency indicator for environmental assessment was more than 1, suggesting that these results would be beneficial for GHG emissions allowance allocations.

Much of the research focuses on quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which enables many sensors’ deployment and related applications to achieve site-specific GHG emissions management. Prior work on quantification of GHG emissions relies on costly and inconvenient to carry on site sensors to measure, which makes labor intensive and difficult to scale up. In this paper, we present a cost-effective, parts per million (PPM) sensing level, light-weight GHG proximity sensing system using a self-made gas sensing film (chemiresistive Strip) and radio array frequency techniques. Our system utilizes the implicit physical knowledge of capturing radar signal variations in amplitude through the adsorption of CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> by ZIF-67, in which the gas concentrations can be identified by these variations, and a smoothing filter is applied to filter out the disturbance in order to enhance the sensing resolution. We evaluated our sensing system and sensing algorithm on the data obtained from lab experiments. Results show that our sensing system achieves reliable sensing resolution from 410 and up to around 1500 PPM level in 50 seconds with fixed gas sensing film. In the future, we would combine other mobile sensing platforms to develop related applications that can be used to quantification of GHG emissions.

GHG evaluation and mitigation planning for low carbon city case study: Dan Sai Municipality

A comprehensive mathematical model was developed for this study to estimate on-site and off-site GHG emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The model was applied to three different hybrid WWTPs (S-WWTP, J-WWTP, and T-WWTP) including anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic process, located in Seoul City, South Korea. Overall on-site and off-site GHG emissions from S-WWTP, J-WWTP, and T-WWTP were <TEX>$305,253kgCO_2e/d$</TEX>, <TEX>$282,682kgCO_2e/d$</TEX>, and <TEX>$117,942kgCO_2e/d$</TEX>, respectively. WWTP treating higher amounts of wastewater produced more on-site and off-site GHG emissions. On average, the percentage contribution of on-site and off-site emissions was 3.03% and 96.97%. The highest amount of on-site GHG emissions was generated from anoxic process and the primary on-site GHG was nitrous oxide (<TEX>$N_2O$</TEX>). Off-site GHG emissions related to electricity consumption for unit operation was much higher than that related to production of chemicals for on-site usage. Recovery and reuse of biogas significantly reduced the total GHG emissions from WWTPs. The results obtained from this study can provide basic knowledge to understand the source and amount of GHG emissions from WWTPs and strategies to establish lower GHG emitting WWTPs.

China is a large agricultural country, where agricultural activities and rural life cause a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the process of crop growth, production, and processing, a large number of crop straws and agricultural wasted products are produced, which become one of the important sources of biomass resources. However, few detailed studies focused on the potential of China's agricultural biomass energy conversion and carbon emission reduction, and fewer studies proposed GHG emission reduction strategies from the perspective of making full use of China's agricultural waste resources. In this study, the quantity calculation index of agricultural biomass energy was given, and the GHG emission reduction potential calculation index of agricultural biomass energy was constructed, with which the amount of GHG emissions caused by agricultural waste use in China was measured and the potential of GHG emission reduction caused by agricultural waste use would be easily speculated. Based on the statistical data of China, the quantity and GHG emission reduction potential of agricultural biomass resources in China in the recent 10 years (2009∼2018) were clarified. According to the research, the amount of agricultural waste equivalent to standard coal in China from 2009 to 2018 reached 280,0711 million tons. If all these resources were used to replace coal, a total of 4,474,483 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions could be saved. Assuming that these wastes are anaerobic, carbonized, or fully burned as fuel, CH4 emissions could be reduced by up to 12.024 million tons and N2O emissions by up to 185,000 tons. It can be seen that the effective utilization of agricultural biomass resources can replace coal, reduce backwardness such as land burning, and then reduce CO2, CH4, N2O, and other greenhouse gas emissions, and promote the realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

The topic of greenhouse gas emissions calculations in the context of freight transport is very current. This topic is very interesting for many stakeholders, such as companies, suppliers, employees, customers, residents, etc. The automotive industry is a major producer of greenhouse gas emissions from logistic processes. Due to this fact, it is necessary to search for and create frameworks for the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions in this sector. The requirements for the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions from road freight transport in the automotive industry were identified using semi-structured interviews. Available emission freight calculators were analyzed using the content and comparative analysis. The proposed frameworks for greenhouse gas emissions calculations in the context of road freight transport of material and finished manufactured passenger cars for the automotive industry were applied in the form of an interpretative case study. The main result of the article is the proposal of the frameworks for greenhouse gas (carbon and sulfur dioxide) emissions calculations in the context of road freight transport of the material and finished manufactured passenger cars for the automotive industry. The proposed frameworks were applied and verified. The use of the proposed frameworks can be expected in logistic planning and decision-making.

Implementing city-level carbon accounting: A comparison between Madrid and London

Greenhouse gas emissions footprint of agricultural production in Guilan province of Iran

Presented paper deals with the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions from forest fires. The investigation was based on the inventory methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change from the year 2006. We describe the proposal of our methodology for estimating the required biomass for modelling (using the available literature as well as Sibyla growth simulator), and subsequently we describe the modelling process with fuel models (using FCCS model) as well as the resulting greenhouse gas emissions (using FARSITE and CONSUME model) for the selected site called Krompľa – Tri Kopce in the Slovak Paradise National Park in the cadastral area of Hrabusice, in which fire destroyed an area of 80 ha in the year 2000. From the forest typology point of view, following groups of forest types are dominant at the site: Fagetum dealpinum (Limestone beech forests); Fageto-Abietum (Neutrophilous beech forests), Pinetum dealpinum (Carpathian relict calcicolous Scots pine forests), Fagetum typicum (Limestone beech forests), Fageto-Aceretum (Mixed ravine and slope forests). The results indicate that the conceptions differ in the quantification of biomass available for burning, which was underestimated in the case of TIER 1 conception in comparison to TIER 2 and TIER 3, and also in the quantification of emissions. The emissions produced during the flameless burning phase were underestimated, while the CO2 emissions were slightly overestimated when comparing TIER 2 and TIER 3 approaches. The final assessment of the whole process points out at the problematic issues in the calculations of GHG emissions.

Allocation of GHG emissions in combined heat and power systems: a new proposal for considering inefficiencies of the system