Abstract
The increasing emissions created by the large-scaled number of automobiles around the world pose severe threats to modern life by causing global warming issues and deteriorating air quality. These serious issues stimulate the essential demand for cleaner, safer, and more efficient vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Unlike other studies on the charging technologies of BEVs, this paper gives a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on the charging technologies available for BEVs: wired charging and wireless charging technologies. First, the wired charging technologies are systematically classified into AC charging (indirect charging) and DC charging (direct charging) methods based on how the BEVs batteries are fed from the grid. Next, the configurations and commonly used topologies of wireless charging technologies for BEVs are thoroughly discussed. The leading institutes/companies driving advancements in both technologies are also acknowledged. Finally, this paper extensively highlights the recent and future research trends along with the industrial applications.
Highlights
The increasing number of automobiles, e.g., motorcycles, cars, trucks, buses, etc., powered by fossil fuels is the main contributor to environmental pollution, which deteriorates air quality and causes global warming pollution by releasing harmful air pollutants (e.g., sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), etc., [1]–[3])
This paper comprehensively presents a state-of-the-art review on charging technologies for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), namely, wired charging technologies and wireless charging technologies
1) LASER CHARGING Laser power transfer [71]–[77] has been used for charging purposes in relatively few practical applications over the past several years. For this type of charging technology, the energy is transmitted via a resonating beam with a frequency that can reach up to 3.59 × 1014 Hz, which is generated from a distributed laser charging (DLC) transmitter and received by a DLC receiver [71], [72]
Summary
The increasing number of automobiles, e.g., motorcycles, cars, trucks, buses, etc., powered by fossil fuels is the main contributor to environmental pollution, which deteriorates air quality and causes global warming pollution by releasing harmful air pollutants (e.g., sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), etc., [1]–[3]). AC charging technologies do not directly charge the battery EVs (BEVs), but instead charge the battery via the on-board charger (OBC) that feeds the battery In these technologies, the conversion unit (i.e., that converting AC into DC) is placed inside the vehicle, which increases the weight of the overall system. Unlike AC charging technologies, DC charging technologies [26]–[43] can directly charge the battery, offering a fast charging capability, and these can be further divided into two groups: off-board fast charging [26]–[35] and off-board rapid charging systems [36]–[43] Such technologies can achieve an overall reduced size and weight of the driving system in the vehicle, because the conversion unit is separate from the vehicle [30], [31].
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