Abstract
In the present era, nanofluids are one of the most important and hot issue for scientists, physicists, and mathematicians. Nanofluids have many important and updated characteristics compared to conventional fluids. The thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and the heat transfer rate of conventional fluids are not up to the mark for industrial and experimental uses. To overcome these deficiencies, nanoparticles have been dispersed into base fluids to make them more efficient. The heat transfer characteristics through symmetry trapezoidal-corrugated channels can be enhanced using nanofluids. In the present article, a literature survey has been presented for different models of nanofluids and their solutions—particularly, exact solutions. The models for hybrid nanofluids were also mentioned in the present study. Furthermore, some important and most used models for the viscosity, density, coefficient of thermal expansion, coefficient of mass expansion, heat capacitance, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity are also presented in tabular form. Moreover, some future suggestions are also provided in this article.
Highlights
In many industrial fields, heat transfer is a technical issue where it is important and a challenge for engineers and businesspeople
Nanofluids are the best solution to this problem with the fact that it is a suspension of nanometer-sized metal oxides, metals (Figure 1), polymers, carbon nanotubes or silica particles dispersed in the ordinary fluid [2]
The results show that the increasing values of volume fraction of the nanoparticles increases the velocity and temperature of the nanofluid
Summary
Heat transfer is a technical issue where it is important and a challenge for engineers and businesspeople To overcome this challenge, one of the common methods is to increase the available surface area for heat exchange. Nanofluids are the best solution to this problem with the fact that it is a suspension of nanometer-sized metal oxides, metals (Figure 1), polymers, carbon nanotubes or silica particles dispersed in the ordinary fluid [2]. This idea was proposed in 1995 by Choi [3]. 12, 725 nanofluid flow [16,17,18,19,20,21,22]
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