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Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in water bodies can cause major problems for human, plant, and animal life. Excessive amounts or over the prescribed limits of heavy metals in water bodies usually contaminates the water, this type of water is called polluted water and this whole process is known as water pollution. Regular consumption of heavy metal-contaminated water above prescribed limits can cause various diseases and sometimes even lead to death. Heavy metals like chromium, arsenic, lead, mercury etc. are more toxic and are easily found in water bodies due to anthropogenic and natural activities. The presence of these heavy metals in water even in tiny concentrations is dangerous to human and animal health. Due to its highly toxic nature, it is paramount to remove these pollutants from water bodies before human use. Adsorption is the best technique to remove these pollutants from wastewater based on cost, efficiency, and feasibility. For the adsorption process, a variety of adsorbent materials have been synthesized by researchers in the past few decades, and yet it remains a challenge for researchers and scientists to synthesize a cost-effective and highly efficient adsorbent. In this prospect, water treatment by adsorption process, nano-composites are emerging materials that show excellent adsorption characteristics due to their outstanding material properties, manageable and low-cost production, and excellent adsorption capacity for chromium adsorption from wastewater. The various nanocomposite adsorbent material prepared by different types of nanoparticles that are supported or embedded on biomass/biochar/graphene/polymer/etc. and used for chromium adsorption have been incorporated. The physio-chemical and structural characteristics of nanocomposites are covered in this review paper. Furthermore, the impact of various adsorption conditions, together with their benefits and drawbacks, on the effectiveness of water treatment are discussed. This thorough review concludes with a summary and some ideas about novel strategies and difficulties in the investigation of advanced and hybrid nanocomposite materials used to remove Cr(VI) from wastewater.
Highlights
Agricultural runoff significantly contributes to water pollution, as it contains fertilizers and pesticides that can contaminate the water
Disposal of industrial wastes containing heavy metals leads to water pollution when the residual is released near nearby water sources, either through direct discharge or groundwater contamination
Nanomaterials have a high surface area, fast kinetics, reasonable regeneration rate, excellent selectivity, and good adsorption capacity due to surface charge, surface chemistry, and pore size distribution (Chowdhury et al 2020; Gisi et al 2016).The use of nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with chromium offers several advantages over traditional adsorbents, making them a promising option for effective and efficient water treatment
Summary
Polluted water can damage plants, leading to disease and reduced growth. The major sources of water pollution include industrial waste, agricultural runoff, sewage, and other human activities such as the extraction of minerals by mining, catalysis industries, oil spills, littering, chemical spills, etc. (Ahmed et al 2017; Kumar et al 2018; Afkhami et al 2010). It is essential to remove chromium from the contaminated water to protect human health and the environment For this purpose, various technologies have been developed, such as coagulation-flocculation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation process, adsorption, electrochemical treatment, chemical precipitation, and bioremediation (Basaleh et al 2019; Beyranvand et al 2019; Bhanvase et al 2019; Bhatia and Nath 2020). Nanomaterials have a high surface area, fast kinetics, reasonable regeneration rate, excellent selectivity, and good adsorption capacity due to surface charge, surface chemistry, and pore size distribution (Chowdhury et al 2020; Gisi et al 2016).The use of nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with chromium offers several advantages over traditional adsorbents, making them a promising option for effective and efficient water treatment.
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