A comprehensive review of saline effluent disposal and treatment: conventional practices, emerging technologies, and future potential

Supplying potable water by sustainable approach is still a global challenge. A large amount of saline water pollutants loaded from industries, oil–gas fields, and desalination plants has potential impact on environment and human health. Moreover, inappropriate disposal and treatment of these effluents pose significant economic challenges. However, the treated effluents from conventional treatments do not meet the effluent standard and become inefficient in treating saline effluents. Hence, an efficient separation method is employed to treat saline water not only to meet the environmental regulations but also to promote water recycling and desalination. For this, membrane technologies have been originated as a dedicated cost-effective technology that plays a pivotal role in sustainable and economical treatment of saline water. Nowadays, several researches are carried out to configure emerging modified membranes such as nanoparticles-based membrane, interfacial polymerization-based membrane, incorporation-based membranes, and surface grafting membranes for water treatment. However, some concerns in terms of energy efficiency, such as fouling and wetting of membrane, still need improvements. In this chapter, we reviewed the emerging membrane technologies for the treatment of highly saline water including water discharges from industries, oil–gas field, and desalination plants.

An over-mounting quantity of saline effluents from different industries, oil–gas fields, and desalination industries has generated a huge quantity of contaminants with detrimental impacts on the atmosphere and human-being health. Saline wastewater is able to produce possible ecological impacts on ecosystems. Available treatment methods mostly suffer from contamination of ecosystem and are no longer preferred. At the end, numerous advanced treatment techniques are being considered for sustainable saline water treatment in the present era. By considering this, a systematic and comprehensive review of emerging technologies for the treatment of saline wastewater is presented. This chapter reviews the trending membrane methodologies in effluent treatment, their merits, and demerits. It also describes membrane fouling, membrane cleaning, and membrane modules. Finally, discussions pertaining to the applications of membrane technology in saline wastewater treatment are also illustrated. The application of innovative hybrid processes intending at lesser energy demand and greater treatment performance has been illustrated.

The treatment of complex effluent with high salinity and sometimes with toxicity rates from a chemical plant is investigated. Two reactors were monitored continuously: control reactor R1 and reactor R2 adapted for saline effluent with 25h-HRT. The adaptation process to saline effluent (0 - 100%) was effective in removing COD and N-NH4 + , respectively with 70 and 85% efficiency. After adaptation, the sequence coagulation/flocculation (40 mg L -1 PAC coagulant and 0.3 mg L -1 cationic polymer), rapid downflow sand filter (120 m 3 m -2 day) and reverse osmosis to obtain water for reuse was analyzed. Results obtained by coagulation/flocculation and sand filter sequence were satisfactory, mainly with the removal rates of turbidity at 50-65 and 98%, respectively. Average removals of 91, 87, 98 and 98% were obtained for COD, N-NH4 + , TOC and Cl - , respectively, in reverse osmosis, with all parameters below the limits for

Treatment of drug residues (emerging contaminants) in hospital effluent by the combination of biological and physiochemical treatment process: a review

Intermediate concentrate demineralization techniques for enhanced brackish water reverse osmosis water recovery – A review

Over the years, the persistent occurrence of superfluous endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) (sub µg L−1) in water has led to serious health disorders in human and aquatic lives, as well as undermined the water quality. At present, there are no generally accepted regulatory discharge limits for the EDCs to avert their possible negative impacts. Moreover, the conventional treatment processes have reportedly failed to remove the persistent EDC pollutants, and this has led researchers to develop alternative treatment methods. Comprehensive information on the recent advances in the existing novel treatment processes and their peculiar limitations is still lacking. In this regard, the various treatment methods for the removal of EDCs are critically studied and reported in this paper. Initially, the occurrences of the EDCs and their attributed effects on humans, aquatic life, and wildlife are systematically reviewed, as well as the applied treatments. The most noticeable advances in the treatment methods include adsorption, catalytic degradation, ozonation, membrane separation, and advanced oxidation processes (AOP), as well as hybrid processes. The recent advances in the treatment technologies available for the elimination of EDCs from various water resources alongside with their associated drawbacks are discussed critically. Besides, the application of hybrid adsorption–membrane treatment using several novel nano-precursors is carefully reviewed. The operating factors influencing the EDCs’ remediations via adsorption is also briefly examined. Interestingly, research findings have indicated that some of the contemporary techniques could achieve more than 99% EDCs removal.

Treatment of organic pollution in industrial saline wastewater: A literature review

Introduction In today's world, fresh water is known as a limited resource that all economic and social activities of human beings and more importantly human life and other organisms depend on this limited resource and this limited resource is decreasing day by day. At present, in most countries, desalination of the seas and oceans is the most important source of water supply near the coast. One of the products of desalination plants is saline effluent that is discharged into the sea environment. Improper discharge of this effluent causes damage to the environment and can cause irreparable damage to human life and other organisms. In this research, in a case study, the most optimal method of discharging the effluent of one of the Assaluyeh desalination plants is investigated in order to achieve the maximum amount of effluent dilution in the near and far fields. Also, the effect of increasing the number of dischargers on the dilution rate of effluent discharged from multi-port dischargers in the far field is investigated.Methodology The most important environmental problem of desalination plants is the production of brine (containing high concentration of salt) that is discharged directly into the sea. In this research, using the VISJET integral model, the dilution of effluent from an Assaluyeh desalination plant is investigated. VISJET is an integral model that uses the Lagrangian method to solve equations and predict the amount of effluent dilution in the Water environment. VISJET has the ability to simulate a multilayer environment and simulates effluent with positive, neutral and negative buoyancy. VISJET does not consider effluent dilution in the remote field. Therefore, in this research, the CORMIX model is used to dilute the effluent in the far field. The CORMIX model has been developed to analyze and predict the discharge of effluents with positive, neutral and negative buoyancy into the water environment. Discharge of various types of industrial and toxic effluents in the form of single- port and multi- port submerged and surface discharge, as well as considering environmental conditions such as wind speed, speed and direction of ambient flow and land slope are among the features of this model. In addition to near-field effluent mixing, this model also predicts effluent mixing in the far field. CORMIX consists of three sub-models: CORMIX1 (discharge using single-channel discharge), CORMIX2 (discharge using multi-duct discharge) and CORMIX3 (surface discharge).Results and Discussion In this section, using the CORMIX model, the dilution of the effluent of Assaluyeh desalination plant is investigated. Then, using CORMIX and VISJET models, the submerged discharge scenario of this plant at different depths is investigated, with the aim of achieving the maximum amount of effluent dilution in near and far fields. At a distance of 200 meters from the discharge site of Assaluyeh desalination plant, the salinity of the ambient fluid increases by 16%. Therefore, Iranian environmental standards are not observed. This type of discharge (surface discharge) has the least dilution in the nearby field due to minimizing the contact of the effluent with the sea environment. In a submerged discharge, the height of the effluent in the plume condition increases with increasing discharge height from the ground. In this case, due to more contact of the effluent with the water environment and having more time for mixing, the dilution of the effluent increases. Using a mile discharge with a froude number of 27.4 at a depth of 9 meters is the best method for discharging the effluent of Assaluyeh desalination plant as a single port. In this case, the concentration of ambient fluid at a distance of 200 meters from the discharge site will increase by 1.5 percent, which is fully in accordance with Iranian environmental laws. Effluent dilution in a dynamic environment, in addition to the Froude number, discharge angle and ambient flow, also depends on the mass flux of the effluent. According to the results, increasing the number of outlets in multi-port dischargers (by keeping the froude number constant, ambient flow velocity and discharge angle for all dischargers) increases the dilution rate of effluent in near and far fields.Conclusion Surface discharge of Assaluyeh desalination plant effluent increases the concentration of the receiving fluid by 16% at a distance of 200 m from the discharge site. The use of a 60-degree multi-port discharger with 10 outlets and a Froude number of 27.4 at a depth of 3.8 meters to discharge the effluent of the Assaluyeh desalination plant increases the concentration of ambient fluid by 0.8% at a distance of 200 meters from the discharge site. This scenario is recommended for optimal discharge of effluent according to environmental standards.

Brine discharge is one of the largest sources of wastewater from industrial processes. Because of the environmental impacts arising from improper treatment of brine discharge and more rigorous regulations of pollution control, industries have started to focus on waste minimization and improving the process of wastewater treatment. Several approaches have been proposed to provide a strategy for brine handling by recovering both brine and water or to remove pollutant components so it complies with environmental regulations when discharged. One of the most promising alternatives to brine disposal is reusing the brine, which results in reduction of pollution, minimizing waste volume and salt recovery. The brine may also contain valuable components that could be recovered for profitable use. Also, water recovery from brine effluent is generally performed to save water. In the case of rejected brine from desalination plants, water recovery from higher brine concentrations has huge potential for salt production. This paper gives an overview of different types of brine effluents, their sources and characteristics. Also discussed are impacts of brine on the environment and management options related to their characteristics.

Desulphation new applications: Doha East (Kuwait) and Gela (Italy) desalination plants

Preface Introduction and Overview Why Pollution Prevention? K.L. Leonard A Survey of Laboratory Waste Management and Minimization Practices, K.L. Leonard and P.A. Reinhardt Investigating Waste Minimization Possibilities, C. Klein-Banai The Law on Waste Minimization in Laboratories, J.L. Hernandez, Esq. Effecting Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization Planning and Development of a Model Waste Minimization Program, R. Charbonneau Institutional Policy, Commitment, and Support, F.M. Thompson Overcoming Impediments to Waste Minimization, P.A. Reinhardt Approaches by Media, Source, and Waste Type Management of Laboratory Air Emissions, R. Stuart and M. Archer Management of Laboratory Effluents to the Sanitary Sewer, L. Wundrock and J. Christensen Pollution Prevention in Clinical Laboratories, R.J. Vetter, J.F. O'Brien, and G.D. Smith Minimization of Waste Generation in Medical Laboratories, J.G. Gordon and G.A. Denys Minimization of Low-Level Radioactive Wastes from Laboratories, P.C. Ashbrook, J. Brandon, and H. Mandel What Individual Laboratories Can Do The Microscale Chemical Laboratory, R.M. Pike, Z. Szafran, and M.M. Singh At the Lab Bench: Finding the Right Balance in Source Separation, P.A. Reinhardt Solvent Recycling by Spinning Band Distillation: Theory, Equipment, and Limitations, J.A. Mangravite and R.R. Roark, Jr. Chemical Treatment Methods to Minimize Waste, M-A. Armour What Organizations Can Do Recruiting Vendors To Achieve Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention, K.L. Leonard Surplus Chemical Exchange: Successes and Potential, J. Christensen Cost Savings and Volume Reduction By Commingling Wastes, P.C. Ashbrook Case Studies and Applications Applications for Waste Solvent Recovery Using Spinning Band Distillation, J. A. Mangravite, R.R. Roark, Jr., and P. VanTriest The Implementation of Waste Minimization Strategies in a Biotechnology Research and Development Laboratory, R.A. Senn Waste Minimization and Management at 3M Research and Development Laboratories, L.J. Tanner Implementation of Waste Minimization Strategies, B.D. Backus Conclusion Thoughts on the Future of Pollution Prevention in the Laboratory, P.C. Ashbrook Appendices Guidance to Hazardous Waste Generators on the Elements of a Waste Minimization Program, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Notice and Interim Final Guidance National Survey of Laboratory Chemical Disposal and Waste Minimization: Survey Design, Methods, and Analysis State and Local Clearinghouses for Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization Resources and Information Glossary Index

Water scarcity is a global problem that has been intensifying, leading industries to seek strategies to reduce water intake and wastewater disposal. This work aims to create a crystallizer associated with membrane distillation for the recovery of water from saline effluents, with the goal of minimizing liquid waste. The optimization of the membrane distillation with crystallization (MDC) process was employed to enhance the recovery of water and salts. The proposed crystallizer was developed to work in synergy with the membrane module, enabling the efficient separation of water and salts as by-products. All obtained results are viable from an industrial standpoint, supporting this statement.

Assessing the environmental impact of resource recovery from dairy manure

Hybrid membrane system for desalination and wastewater treatment : Integrating forward osmosis and low pressure reverse osmosis

Water and green ammonia recovery from anaerobic digestion effluent by two-stage membrane distillation