Abstract
The Columbidae species (Aves, Columbiformes) show considerable variation in their diploid numbers (2n = 68–86), but there is limited understanding of the events that shaped the extant karyotypes. Hence, we performed whole chromosome painting (wcp) for paints GGA1-10 and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes for chromosomes GGA11-28 for Columbina passerina, Columbina talpacoti, Patagioenas cayennensis, Geotrygon violacea and Geotrygon montana. Streptopelia decaocto was only investigated with paints because BACs for GGA10-28 had been previously analyzed. We also performed phylogenetic analyses in order to trace the evolutionary history of this family in light of chromosomal changes using our wcp data with chicken probes and from Zenaida auriculata, Columbina picui, Columba livia and Leptotila verreauxi, previously published. G-banding was performed on all these species. Comparative chromosome paint and G-banding results suggested that at least one interchromosomal and many intrachromosomal rearrangements had occurred in the diversification of Columbidae species. On the other hand, a high degree of conservation of microchromosome organization was observed in these species. Our cladistic analysis, considering all the chromosome rearrangements detected, provided strong support for L. verreauxi and P. cayennensis, G. montana and G. violacea, C. passerina and C. talpacoti having sister taxa relationships, as well as for all Columbidae species analyzed herein. Additionally, the chromosome characters were mapped in a consensus phylogenetic topology previously proposed, revealing a pericentric inversion in the chromosome homologous to GGA4 in a chromosomal signature unique to small New World ground doves.
Highlights
Birds have an enigmatic karyotype structured in two chromosomal groups distinguished by size-macrochromosomes and microchromosomes, the latter representing the largest number of chromosomes in the karyotype [1,2,3]
Chromosomal homologies were examined among six Columbidae species by whole chromosome painting with G. gallus and Z. auriculata chromosome-specific DNA paints
The whole chromosome painting performed painting performed here demonstrated that each Columbidae species showed at least one here demonstrated that each Columbidae species showed at least one interchromosomal rearrangement interchromosomal rearrangement involving macrochromosomes when compared with G. gallus, as involving macrochromosomes when compared with G. gallus, as observed previously in L. verreauxi, observed previously in L. verreauxi, but in contrast to Z. auriculata, C. livia and C. picui, in which no butinterchromosomal in contrast to Z. auriculata, C. livia and
Summary
Birds have an enigmatic karyotype structured in two chromosomal groups distinguished by size-macrochromosomes (size from ~23 to 200 Mb) and microchromosomes (size from ~3 to 12 Mb), the latter representing the largest number of chromosomes in the karyotype [1,2,3]. This karyotypic structure is found in most avian species and is estimated to have been maintained since the diapsid common ancestor [4]. We analyze four genera belonging to clade A (Geotrygon, Streptopelia and Patagioenas) and clade B (Columbina)
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