A Comparison: The Science of Mathematics vs. The Science of Math

The article shows that the Czech humanists formed the largest group among the foreign members of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow. It is mainly based on the reports of the activities of the Academy. The Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow was established by transforming the Krakow Learned Society. The Statute of the newly founded Academy was approved by a decision of the Emperor Franz Joseph I on February 16, 1872. The Emperor nominated his brother Archduke Karl Ludwig as the Academy’s Protector. The Academy was assigned to take charge of research matters related to different fields of science: philology (mainly Polish and other Slavic languages); history of literature; history of art; philosophical; political and legal sciences; history and archaeology; mathematical sciences, life sciences, Earth sciences and medical sciences. In order to make it possible for the Academy to manage so many research topics, it was divided into three classes: a philological class, a historico‑philosophical class, and a class for mathematics and natural sciences. Each class was allowed to establish its own commissions dealing with different branches of science. The first members of the Academy were chosen from among the members of the Krakow Learned Society. It was a 12‑person group including only local members, approved by the Emperor. It was also them who elected the first President of the Academy, Józef Majer, and the Secretary General, Józef Szujski, from this group. By the end of 1872, the organization of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow was completed. It had its administration, management and three classes that were managed by the respective directors and secretaries. It also had three commissions, taken over from the Krakow Learned Society, namely: the Physiographic Commission, the Bibliographic Commission and the Linguistic Commission. At that time, the Academy had only a total of 24 active members who had the right to elect non‑ resident and foreign members. Each election had to be approved by the Emperor. The first public plenary session of the Academy was held in May 1873. After the speeches had been delivered, a list of candidates for new members of the Academy was read out. There were five people on the list, three of which were Czech: Josef Jireček, František Palacký and Karl Rokitansky. The second on the list was – since February 18, 1860 – a correspondent member of the Krakow Learned Society, already dissolved at the time. They were approved by the Emperor Franz Joseph in his rescript of July 7, 1873. Josef Jireček (1825–1888) became a member of the Philological Class. He was an expert on Czech literature, an ethnographer and a historian. František Palacký (1798–1876) became a member of the Historico‑Philosophical Class. The third person from this group, Karl Rokitansky (1804–1878), became a member of the Class for Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The mere fact that the first foreigners were elected as members of the Academy was a perfect example of the criteria according to which the Academy selected its active members. From among the humanists, it accepted those researchers whose research had been linked to Polish matters and issues. That is why until the end of World War I, the Czech representatives of social sciences were the biggest group among the foreign members of the Academy. As for the members of the Class for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, the Academy invited scientists enjoying exceptional recognition in the world. These criteria were binding throughout the following years. The Academy elected two other humanists as its members during the session held on October 31, 1877 and these were Václav Svatopluk Štulc (1814–1887) and Antonin Randa (1834–1914). Václav Svatopluk Štulc became a member of the Philological Class and Antonin Randa became a member of the Historico‑Philosophical Class. The next Czech scholar who became a member of the Academy of Arts and Scientists in Krakow was Václav Vladivoj Tomek (1818–1905). It was the Historico‑Philosophical Class that elected him, which happened on May 2, 1881. On May 14, 1888, the Krakow Academy again elected a Czech scholar as its active member. This time it was Jan Gebauer (1838–1907), who was to replace Václav Štulc, who had died a few months earlier. Further Czech members of the Krakow Academy were elected at the session on December 4, 1899. This time it was again humanists who became the new members: Zikmund Winter (1846–1912), Emil Ott (1845–1924) and Jaroslav Goll (1846–1929). Two years later, on November 29, 1901, Jan Kvičala (1834–1908) and Jaromir Čelakovský (1846–1914) were elected as members of the Krakow Academy. Kvičala became a member of the Philological Class and Čelakovský – a corresponding member of the Historical‑Philosophical Class. The next member of the Krakow Academy was František Vejdovský (1849–1939) elected by the Class for Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Six years later, a chemist, Bohuslav Brauner (1855–1935), became a member of the same Class. The last Czech scientists who had been elected as members of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow before the end of the World War I were two humanists: Karel Kadlec (1865–1928) and Václav Vondrák (1859–1925). The founding of the Czech Royal Academy of Sciences in Prague in 1890 strengthened the cooperation between Czech and Polish scientists and humanists.

Contributors

The journal Contributions, Section of Natural, Mathematical and Biotechnical Sciences is an official publication of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. It is published twice a year. The journal publishes ori-ginal scientific papers, short communications, reviews, professional papers and educational papers from all fields of:natural sciences – physics, chemistry, biology, geography, geology;mathematical sciences – mathematics, informatics;biotechnical sciences – agriculture and food, forestry.

This article reports on a comparison between, on the one hand, what is called the 'practical rationality of mathematics teaching' of a small selection of teachers in the Western Cape and, on the other, education policy statements on 'mathematics as reasoning' and 'mathematical relationships' in Mathematical Literacy, Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences - the mathematics component during the mid-1990s of the South African government's Curriculum 2005. The article is a theoretical and practical improvement on an original study, which compared contact points between the ways teachers speak and the ways policymakers write about school mathematics reform. The improvement is centred on a consideration of mathematics teaching as a practice and the way that teachers learn in such a practice. Conversations during interviews with the teachers in the sample indicate that Schon's notion of reflection-in-action is a key to understanding how teachers use their practical rationality as they try to understand nuanced meanings of the 'kind' of mathematics teaching with respect to policy statements on mathematics as reasoning and mathematical relationships. Results of the study have practical and theoretical implications for the education of teachers of mathematics.

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On the Continuity of the Generalized Inverse

Studies in Islamic Philosophy-1rnThe first book of the Studies in Islamic Philosophy series, which was launched to be a new source for studies covering all fields of Islamic philosophy, is titled Studies in Islamic Philosophy- 1 and consists of 6 articles, each of which discusses different topics in the field. The first article in the chronological order is titled “al-Khuwārizmī’s Views on the Sciences of Logic and Mathematics” by Dr. Mehmet Dugan. The author evaluates al-Khuwārizmī’s views on the sciences of mathematics and logic based on his work entitled Mefātīhu al-Ulūm. The title of the second article written by Fatma Çiftçi is “The Philosophical Novel Tradition in Islamic Thought: The Example of the Story of Salāmān and Absāl”. The author analyses Ibn Sīnā’s treatise Salāmān and Absāl, the pioneer of the philosophical-symbolic novel tradition in Islamic thought. First, the authorship of Ibn Sīnā’s treatise is discussed, and then the claims about the origin of this story are analyzed. In the third article, Dr. Fırat Çelebi, in his article titled “Reflections of Galenian Thought in Ibn Gabirol’s Islâh al-akhlâq”, analyses the famous work of the Jewish philosopher Ibn Gebirol titled Islâh al-akhlâq and discusses the extent of the influence of Galenian ideas in this work. The fourth article is Fahrettin Koç’s study titled “Love in the Thought of Sadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī”. The author evaluates the idea of love in the thought of Sadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī, one of the most important representatives of the school of Irfan pioneered by Ibn ‘Arabī. Then, the essence of God’s love towards creatures is evaluated. The fifth article written by Şefika Avcı is titled “Şehbenderzâde Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi’s Understanding of the Soul”. After briefly discussing his life, the author evaluates his views on spirit-soul and related issues based on his work İlm-i Ahvâl-i Rûh. The sixth article of the book is Feyza Nur Çınar’s study titled “The Unity of Truth in terms of Religion- Philosophy Relationship in Fazlur Rahman”. In this article, Çınar emphasizes the thesis of the unity of truth when dealing with the relationship between philosophy and religion in Fazlur Rahman and draws attention to how the thinker evaluates this issue.rnKeywords: al-Khuwārizmī, Mafātīḥ al-ʿUlūm, Logic, Mathematics, Classification of Sciences, Salāmān and Absāl, Philosophical Novels, Allegory, Avicenna, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Avicebron, Islâh al-akhlâq, Galen, Ethics, The Four Humours, Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Love, Mercy, Providence, Divine Love, Ahmed Hilmi of Filibe, Psychology, Physiology, Psyche, Intelligence, Fazlur Rahman, Religion, Philosophy, Unity of Truth, Knowledge, Revelation, Reason.

One of the aspects that measures the University’s competitiveness through the employment of its students. The quality of learners is indeed a feature of the quality of education and services, as they will help to ensure that learners are equipped with the knowledge, skills and values that will allow them to work in their respective areas of expertise. This study determines the employability of Cebu Normal University’s 2013-2018 Bachelor of Science in Mathematics graduates. The study uses the descriptive method to collect information from various of experience at the University’s Bachelor of Science in Mathematics. This method is used to define the nature of a scenario as it exists at the moment of the research and to investigate the causes of the phenomenon. Hence, it was subsequently established that the employment status of the Bachelor of Science in Mathematics Graduates is sufficiently high. Most graduates had taken less than a month to land on a job due to the current program’s diverse nature, which employed essentially all graduates in curriculum-related careers. It was highlighted that critical thinking skills proved to be the most sufficient capabilities, which also helped enormously the graduates in terms of simplistic access to employment. Consequently, the program should be reviewed and enhanced to achieve desired skills and competencies for graduates, including integration into curriculum analysis subjects like Accounting, Business Statistics, and Data Analytics, and a major of specialization.

Michel Malherbe: Mathematics and Physical Sciences in the Encyclopédie «Discours préliminaire». A comparison of the thought of Diderot and D'Alembert on mathematics and the physical sciences, using Diderot's «Prospectus», which shows the hastily, digested influence of Bacon, and the « Discours préliminaire » of the Encyclopédie, as well as later writings. Although using the same arguments and discussing the same problems, the texts reveal a fundamental difference between Diderot and D'Alembert concerning science and philosophy, which reflect the reality of scientific thought in 1750. While D'Alembert bases himself on abstraction and mathematic science, Diderot is both more old-fashioned and open in his faith in experimental philosophy. They had however enough in common to collaborate on the project of the Encyclopédie.

Convergence properties of partial sums for arrays of rowwise negatively orthant dependent random variables

Guest Editorial

Globalization in science education: An inevitable and beneficial trend

The chapter presents both an overview of technical universities (TUs) in Germany, and how the methodological and theoretical approach of the orders of worth framework by Boltanski and Thévenot (2006) is useful for analyzing public organizations/forms. Guided by the research questions a) “How do publicly set performance indicators empirically construct the form of TUs?” And b) “How does market evolution of education and research products alter the civic-industrial conventions of coordination?”, first, seven characteristics are generated to define a TU in Germany: Recognition by the state, history as technical higher school, name, minimum of 40 engineering professorships, about 60% of professorships in natural sciences, technological, engineering, and mathematical sciences (STEM), average proportion of 1 to 1.6 of professorships in mathematical and natural sciences to professorships in engineering or vice versa, and professorships in social sciences. Second, further developing the theory of Boltanski and Thévenot (2006) helps understanding TUs as a dynamic but stable construction nurtured by investments in a form (Thévenot 1984). This is achieved by theoretically and empirically elaborating on the comprehension of a situation as it is (in comparison to justification in a situation) by focusing on the civic-industrial compromise of public universities being challenged by the market order constructed around higher education and research products and services by the German federal states.

measurement theory: Louis Narens The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass; London, England; 1985. pp vii + 334, £44.75

We prove results which correspond to the theorems of M. L. Mittal, B. E. Rhodes, V. N. Mishra [International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, Volume 2006 (2006), Article ID 53538, 10 pages] on the rate of norm and pointwise approximation of conjugate functions by the matrix summability means of their Fourier series.