A comparison of single- and dual-beam methods for maximum velocity estimation

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the precision and accuracy of maximum velocity estimation when the target direction is known (a string phantom), and when the target direction is unknown (a flow model of arterial stenosis with stenoses of 0–80% by area). Maximum velocity was estimated using single- and dual-beam methods. A linear-array system was used to acquire Doppler spectra from a single-beam direction. The same array was used for sequential acquisition of Doppler spectra from 2 beam directions; the velocity estimates from these were then compounded in a vector manner. The variation of estimated maximum velocity with beam-string angle over the range 40–80° was 27% for conventional Doppler, 2.6% for angle correction from the edge of the array and 1.6% for the vector Doppler. In the stenosis model, for the single-beam methods, the highest frequency shift was obtained just prior to the point of minimum lumen. At this location, the variation with beam-vessel angle over the range 40–80° was 35% for conventional Doppler, 7.4% for the correction factor method and 6.9% for correction from the edge of the array. For the vector method, the maximum velocity is obtained from within the poststenotic jet, the variation was 2% over the range 40–80°. It is recommended that existing Doppler systems use the correction-factor method to reduce variation in measured maximum velocity. The use of the vector technique by future generations of Doppler systems may lead to angle-independent velocity estimation.