A comparative review on novel-assisted extraction techniques for retrieving protein from some potential plant sources

Awareness to anticipate the future crisis of fossil fuel, particularly oil, has encouraged efforts to find alternative sources of fuel, especially those derived from plants, one of which is bioethanol. Bioethanol is a renewable fuel with high economic value. From various potential plant sources that can be developed into alternative fuel, one of them is sweet sap from sorghum stalk. This research aims to determine the effect of different types of yeast on the volume, alcohol content, and specific gravity of bioethanol produced from sorghum stalk. The variations of yeast used in this research were tapay yeast, baker’s yeast, and turbo yeast, with a yeast mass of 10 g/L, NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) mass of 0.6 g/L, and urea mass of 0.5 g/L. Bioethanol was produced from the sweet sap through a 3-day fermentation process, with a sample volume of 3 liters, followed by distillation using a vacuum distillation apparatus. The research was conducted at room temperature and pressure so that all sweet sap obtained the same treatment before being given different types of yeast. The results of the research showed that the highest alcohol content was obtained from the fermentation process using tapay yeast, followed by baker’s yeast and turbo yeast. Meanwhile, the largest volume of bioethanol was obtained from the fermentation process using turbo yeast. The highest specific gravity of 0.9456 was also obtained from the fermentation process using turbo yeast, while the lowest was obtained from the fermentation process using tapay yeast.

ABSTRACTProteins are a potential source of health-promoting biomolecules with medical, nutraceutical, and food applications. Nowadays, bioactive peptides production, its isolation, characterization, and strategies for its delivery to target sites are a matter of intensive research. In vitro and in vivo studies regarding the bioactivity of peptides has generated strong evidence of their health benefits. Dairy proteins are considered the richest source of bioactive peptides, however proteins from animal and vegetable origin also have been shown to be important sources. Enzymatic hydrolysis has been the process most commonly used for bioactive peptide production. Most commercial enzymatic preparations frequently used are from animal (e.g., trypsin and pepsin) and microbial (e.g., Alcalase® and Neutrase®) sources. Although the use of plant proteases is still relatively limited to papain and bromelain from papaya and pineapple, respectively, the application of new plant proteases is increasing. This review presents the latest knowledge in the use and diversity of plant proteases for bioactive peptides release from food proteins including both available commercial plant proteases as well as new potential plant sources. Furthermore, the properties of peptides released by plant proteases and health benefits associated in the control of disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cancer are reviewed.

连翘（Forsythia suspensa）不仅是一种常用大宗木本药用植物类型，而且也是重要的绿化植物类型。以太行山南段陵川境内广泛生长的连翘为研究对象，通过样方调查方法，解析连翘群落结构及影响因子，探讨海拔、坡向主要地形因子和土壤因子对群落格局的影响，以期有助于连翘的规模化种植。结果表明：（1）该区连翘群落可分为5类群丛：Ⅰ连翘（Forsythia suspensa）＋三裂绣线菊（Spiraea trilobata）-披针叶苔草（Carex lanceolata）群丛；Ⅱ连翘（Forsythia suspensa）＋白刺花（Sophora davidii）-披针叶苔草（Carex lanceolata）＋铁杆蒿（Tripolium vulgare）群丛；Ⅲ辽东栎（Quercus wutaishanica）-连翘（Forsythia suspensa）＋三裂绣线菊（Spiraea trilobata）-披针叶苔草（Carex lanceolata）+白头翁（Pulsatilla chinensis）群丛；Ⅳ油松（Pinus tabuliformis）-连翘（Forsythia suspensa）-披针叶苔草（Carex lanceolata）群丛；Ⅴ连翘（Forsythia suspensa）＋黄刺玫（Rosa xanthina）-披针叶苔草（Carex lanceolata）群丛。（2）海拔高度（H）、全钾（TK）和坡向（TRP）是影响该区连翘分布状况的3个主要环境因子。3个因子在4个层级水平上构成群落分型的主导因子。第一级主导因子是海拔高度（H=1330 m）；第二级是土壤总钾量（TK=19.07 mg/kg）和海拔（H>1330 m）；第三级是坡向（TRP=0.2775）、海拔（H>1330 m）和总钾量（TK<19.07 mg/kg）；第四级是总钾（TK=18.47 mg/kg）、海拔（H>1330 m）、和坡向（TRP>0.2775）。海拔高度和土壤肥力是影响太行山南段生境内连翘群落结构和规模化种植的要重环境因子。;Forsythia suspensa is one of the commonly used heavy bulk commodities Chinese medicinal plants and have essential for guarding human health. It is not only an important species of medicinal plants but also a vital for forest vegetation, in the same time also is a potential plant sources that used to improve ecology and beautify of the environment within many specific areas in China. Taihang Mountain is usually considered as one of the vital areas for biodiversity conservation in China.The study area located in Lingchuan, the southern of Taihang Mountains, Shanxi, is dominated by rocky hills and earthen hills, and belongs to a typical continental climate. There was high diversity of forest communities in the nature circumstance, among which, the distribution of the Forsythia suspensa mostly showed a typical shrub clusters community. It is a famous area of medical Forsythia suspensa mainly products all over our country. To research the community composition of Forsythia suspensa and reveal the effects of Forsythia suspensa community traits changes, resulted from the soil factors and the major topographic characteristics, an investigation was conducted in sixty typical sample poles (5 m×5 m) in the region. In the study, the impacts of the variety environment factors on the Forsythia suspensa community were analyzed by the sampling survey method.The major topographic factors included the Height above sea level (H), East longitude (E), Northern latitude (N) and slope direction (Transformation of aspect, TRP). Meanwhile the main soil factors were considered such as the soil Pondus Hydrogenii (pH)、Soil organic matter(TOC) soil total nitrogen (TN), soil total phosphorus (TP), soil total potassium (TK), soil available nitrogen (AN), soil available phosphorus (AP) and soil available potassium (AK). The results showed that (1) Forsythia communities in this area could be divided into five types of clusters, including Cluster I:Forsythia suspensa+Spiraea trilobata-Carex lanceolata; Cluster II:Forsythia suspensa+Sophora davidii-Carex lanceolata+Tripolium vulgare; Cluster III:Quercus wutaishanica-Forsythia suspensa+Spiraea trilobata-Carex lanceolata cluster; Cluster IV: Pinus tabuliformis -Forsythia suspensa-Carex lanceolata; and Cluster V:Forsythia suspensa+Rosa xanthine-Carex lanceolata. (2) H, TK, and TRP are three main environmental factors that affected the distribution of forsythia in this area. The three factors constitute the dominant factors for community typing at four levels. The first level of dominant factor is altitude (H=1330 m); the second level is total soil potassium (TK=19.07 mg/kg) and altitude (H>1330 m); the third level is slope direction (TRP=0.2775), altitude (H>1330 m), and total potassium (TK<19.07 mg/kg); the fourth level is total potassium (TK=18.47 mg/kg), altitude (H > 1330 m), and slope direction (TRP>0.2775). The study concluded that the development of forest medicinal herb forsythia on a large scale in the southern section of Taihang Mountains should not only pay attention to spatial distribution, but also implementation of necessary management measures to improve soil fertility to maintain the stability of forsythia community structure and enhance the Forsythia suspensa yield.

Ginsenosides, a group of tetracyclic saponins, accounts for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical relevance of the ginseng (Panax sp.) herb. Owing to the associated therapeutic potential of ginsenosides, their demand has been increased significantly in the last two decades. However, a slow growth cycle, low seed production, and long generation time of ginseng have created a gap between the demand and supply of ginsenosides. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides involves an intricate network of pathways with multiple oxidation and glycosylation reactions. However, the exact functions of some of the associated genes/proteins are still not completely deciphered. Moreover, ginsenoside estimation and extraction using analytical techniques are not feasible with high efficiency. The present review is a step forward in recapitulating the comprehensive aspects of ginsenosides including their distribution, structural diversity, biotransformation, and functional attributes in both plants and animals including humans. Moreover, ginsenoside biosynthesis in the potential plant sources and their metabolism in the human body along with major regulators and stimulators affecting ginsenoside biosynthesis have also been discussed. Furthermore, this review consolidates biotechnological interventions to enhance the biosynthesis of ginsenosides in their potential sources and advancements in the development of synthetic biosystems for efficient ginsenoside biosynthesis to meet their rising industrial demands.

Distribution of miliacin (olean-18-en-3β-ol methyl ether) and related compounds in broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and other reputed sources: Implications for the use of sedimentary miliacin as a tracer of millet

A comprehensive review of inulin-type fructans and their neo-series: Plant sources, preparation, structural characterization, and bioactivities.

Medicinal properties of loquat leaf extracts (LLEs) are associated with their constituents of phenolic compounds and triterpenes. In this study, the efficacy of subcritical water extraction (SWE) technique was assessed by comparing with conventional solid-liquid extraction (CE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE). Results showed that the highest yields of total polyphenols were 82.7 &plusmn; 1.5 mgGAE/g leaf weight (LW), total flavonoids (54.1 &plusmn; 4.1 mgQE/g LW) and total triterpenoids (37.5 &plusmn; 3.2 mgUAE/g LW) were obtained by SWE compared to total polyphenols (61.8 &plusmn; 3.3 mgGAE/g LW), total flavonoids (43.2 &plusmn; 0.6 mgQE/g LW) and total triterpenoids (28.7 &plusmn; 2.3 mgUAE/g LW) extracted by SE and total polyphenols (50.3 &plusmn; 1.8 mgGAE/g LW), total flavonoids (40.4 &plusmn; 2.1 mgQE/g LW) and total triterpenoids (22.9 &plusmn; 3.2 mgUAE/g LW) obtained by CE. The extraction efficiency of triterpenes using SWE was about 1.7 times higher than those obtained using traditional extraction methods, and their main structural pattern of the cured extracts was comparable to the extracts obtained using traditional extraction methods.The infrared spectra obtained from the three extraction techniques appeared identical, but the variation in the intensity of the peak of absorption was visible among the three extraction techniques. The similarity of the infrared spectral pattern (peak coincided peak by peak) implies that the triterpenes in the extract obtained by the three techniques were identical by LC/MS. The findings of this study have demonstrated that SWE can be employed as an alternative green extraction technology to get important phytochemicals from plant sources. Key words: Chinese loquat leaf, Eriobotrya japonica, subcritical water extraction, triterpene.&nbsp

Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-edible seed oils for use as biodiesel in Pakistan

Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A. DC. var. triphylla (Family: Campanulaceae) is distributed in Japan, Korea, and China. It is locally known as “Saiyousyajin” in Japan and the roots are used in traditional medicine to treat chronic bronchitis and whooping cough, and also as anti-inflammatory and anti-tussive agents. Till now, there is no report on the chemical constituents of aerial parts. Thus, the main aim of this study was to isolate and identify major chemical constituents of aerial parts of A. triphylla var. triphylla, and to evaluate their free radical scavenging activity. The 70% methanol extract of the aerial parts was subjected to repeated column chromatography using MCI gel CHP-20P, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and silica gel columns to isolate the five phenolic components (1-5). Free radical scavenging activity of the extract and compounds was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity method. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated as luteolin (1), luteolin 4’-O-b-glucopyranoside (2), luteolin 7-O-b-glucopyranoside (3), luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside (4) and chlorogenic acid (5) based on their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data and comparison with literature values. All these compounds were isolated for the first time from A. triphylla var. triphylla. Extract showed weak free radical scavenging activity. Among isolated compounds, luteolin (1), luteolin 7-O-b-glucopyranoside (3), luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside (4) and chlorogenic acid (5) showed potent free radical scavenging activity. Results from this study suggest that the aerial parts of A. triphylla var. triphylla might be a potential plant source for the development of functional foods, however further detailed research is necessary.

Occurrence of triterpenyl acetates in soil and their potential as chemotaxonomical markers of Asteraceae

Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of emblica fruit ( Phyllanthus emblica L.) from six regions in China

Canna edulis Ker Gawl. (CE) is an important agricultural plant in Vietnam. The whole plant is traditionally used to treat many different diseases. However, scientific evidence on the pharmacological effects and chemical composition of this plant is limited and focuses mainly on the roots. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts from the aerial part of CE. The in vitro antioxidant effect was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods. Total phenolic content was evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and total flavonoid content was evaluated by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the most antioxidant activity with the IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS of 103.73 ± 9.80 and 76.52 ± 3.57 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content with values of 70.93 ± 7.18 mg GAE/g extract and 64.93 ± 5.75 mg QE/g extract, respectively. Therefore, the aerial part of CE, especially the ethyl acetate fraction, is a potential plant source for the investigation of antioxidant compounds.&#x0D; Keywords: Canna edulis, antioxidant, flavonoids, phenolic, DPPH, ABTS.

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic phenolics and phenolic glycosides from Sargentodoxa cuneata

People have been relying and using various medicinal sources for ages throughout the world for alleviation of different ailments. Eighty percent of people worldwide depend on herbal medication for their fundamental medical needs, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) survey. The need for plant-based medications has led to increased studies into the extraction of therapeutic properties from plants. Bioactive compounds are secondary metabolites, sometimes termed nutraceuticals, present in food, providing health benefits.

Triterpenoid profiles from latex of 56 accessions of European leafy spurges (Euphorbia spp.) were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. Qualitative and quantitative differences for components of the profiles were employed to distinguish between accessions. Triterpenoid profiles were diagnostic for the species, E. amygdaloides, E. agraria, E. cyparissias, E. lucida, and E. seguierana and were similar for each of these species in accessions collected from distant areas of Europe. By contrast, the 37 accessions of the E. esula complex were separated into 15 groups on qualitative and quantitative differences for components in the profiles. Identical profiles were detected among neighbouring accessions as well as those in collections from widely distant sites; conversely, different profiles also were identified for such collections. Profiles among these groups were compared with profiles of 39 United States (US) accessions of leafy spurge from Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Profiles of US accessions, which were less variable than those from Europe, grouped into only 3 of the 15 European groups, whereas one US group could not be placed directly into a European group. This study demonstrates that latex analyses of European leafy spurges can distinguish between spurge populations and will identify potential plant sources of biocontrol agents for application against their leafy spurge counterparts in North America. Key words: leafy spurge, Euphorbia, latex, triterpenoids, gas–liquid chromatography.