Abstract
Abstract Coal being a limited source of energy, extraction of energy from other sources like lignite, coal-refuse, and biomass is being attempted worldwide. The minerals and inorganic elements present in fuel feeds pose different technological and environmental concerns. Lignite ash, refuse ash, and biomass ash collected from Indian power plants burning lignite, coal-refuse, and mustard stalk, respectively, were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics and trace elements. The lignite ash has high SiO 2 , CaO, MgO, Al 2 O 3, and SO 3 ; the refuse ash has high SiO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 , but low SO 3 ; the biomass ash has high SiO 2 (but low Al 2 O 3 ), and high CaO, MgO, K 2 O, Na 2 O, SO 3 , and P 2 O 5 . A substantial presence of chloride (2.1%) was observed in the biomass ash. Quartz is the most abundant mineral species. Other minerals are mullite, hematite, gehlenite, anhydrite, and calcite in the lignite ash; orthoclase in the refuse ash; albite, sanidine, gehlenite, anhydrite, and calcite in the biomass ash. Ashes with high concentrations (> 100 mg/kg) of trace elements are: lignite ash (V
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