모듈러 주택과 공동주택의 전과정 CO2배출량에 대한 비교.분석 연구

In this study, we investigated the effect of carbon sequestration and sink on the environmental impact assessment of a housing redevelopment project. Through the case study, we found that the amount of carbon sequestration and sink increased with the increase of the area of park and green space and, furthermore, the amount of carbon emission decreased slightly with implementation of district heating and renewable energy. Therefore, it is necessary for its land use plan to be established to minimize the amount of net carbon emission, taking account of both the amount of present carbon emission and the amount of the future carbon sink, sequestration, and emission.

In order to prevent the global warming, many countries have performed the Green Building Certification Systems headed by the developed countries. G-SEED is the representative certification system in Korea for constructing Green-Buildings as other countries' LEED, BREEAM, CASBEE, GREEN STAR etc. G-SEED was established started in 2002 and has been revised several times, still has problems regarding the appropriateness of articles weight and eco-friendly efficiency of Green Building. To confirm the G-SEED effectiveness for reducing Green House Gas(GHG) emission, we suggested how to calculate the amount of the carbon dioxide emissions. In this study the amount of carbon of the green buildings certified through G-SEED is computed and analyzed. Calculating and analyzing the amount of carbon emission of 68 certified Green Buildings(apartment houses), there was a little correlation between the Green Building grade and the amount of carbon emission. Therefore it was verified that there is a little effectiveness of the green building criteria in reducing GHG emissions. The reason is that there is a few criteria of calculating the GHG in Green Building Certification, and it is needed to revise the criteria that can verify the effectiveness of Green Building by evaluating the performance quantitatively. It is not affordable to give it a rating through evaluating quantitatively the carbon emission of buildings. It is also important that green building has to give us the qualitative satisfaction of the environment and phychological comfort. If G-SEED is well coordinated by the part of quantitative assessment and qualitative assessment, the sustainable buildings could be widespread to our living places without wasting the resources of future generations or degrading the environment.

Effect of a one-dimensional approach in LCA on the environmental life cycle impact of buildings: Multi-family case study in Flanders

Population growth and trends are centrally important to the environment because it helps to determine the environmental impact of human activities. In this study, the World Bank database has been used. Here, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and energy intensity (EI) are considered as environmental indicators. The population indicators are the proportion of the population aged 15-64 years, and the percentage of the urban population. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is considered a development indicator in a country. This study tries to identify the association between population environment and development. Correlation analysis has been employed to know association and Path analysis is used to determine the important factors for environmental impacts such as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The result presents that the zero-order correlation exists among energy intensity (EI), the proportion of the population aged 15-64 (P15-64), urbanization (UR), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (US$), total population (P) ) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in Bangladesh and India. It is observed that 8 paths for Bangladesh and 7 paths for India out of each 12 hypothesized paths are found to be statistically significant. In Bangladesh, the total effects of exogenous variables like as energy intensity (X1) and population aged 15-64 (X2) are observed negative direction on carbon dioxide emissions (X6) and the remaining variable like as urbanization (X3) is observed as positive direction on carbon dioxide emissions. However, in India total effects of these two exogenous variables population aged 15-64 (X2) and urbanization (X3) are observed positive direction on carbon dioxide emissions (X6) and the remaining variable like as energy intensity (X1) is observed negative direction on carbon dioxide emissions (X6). The total effects of endogenous variables like as GDP per capita (X4) show a negative direction on carbon dioxide emissions and population (X5) shows a positive direction on carbon dioxide emissions. The study demonstrates that CO2 emission is important for environmental impact in Bangladesh and India. There is a strong association between population, GDP per capita, energy consumption and urbanization and CO2 emission in Bangladesh and India. The factors of CO2 emissions play an important role in environmental degradation. Thus, attention should be focused on using low energy consumption, and proper urbanization, particularly on modern technology which assures fewer uses of CO2 emissions in Bangladesh and India.

<i>Introduction</i>: Building energy consumption accounts for a large proportion of global energy consumption, and it is urgent to reduce building carbon emissions. There are many different components in the Building, each of which produces a somewhat different amount of carbon emissions, such as column, beam, floor, exterior wall and interior wall. This Paper is focusing on looking for the components’ differences in carbon emission in order to provide some valuable advises in choosing building materials. <i>Methods</i>: Using the building information model, the sample building is divided into five parts: column, beam, floor, exterior wall and interior wall. Firstly, the quantities of each part of the building is calculated from building information model. Secondly, the method of permutation and combination is performed by choosing different materials including concrete, steel, wood, brick and glass, and then forming 14 schemes. Finally, carbon emissions at production stages are calculated of all 14 schemes by known carbon emission factors. <i>Conclusion</i>: The average proportion of each part of carbon emissions is obtained both with the carbon emissions from different materials. Choosing the lowest and highest theoretical scheme in order to analysis the influence of different materials on carbon emissions in construction production stage, so that the effective data reference for building energy saving and emission reduction can be concluded.

The paper presents statistic of the amount of direct Carbon emissions during wildfires of 2021 in the forested lands of Russia using long-term satellite data. In 2021, the area of ​​forest fire damages was 9.3 million hectares, and the amount of Carbon emissions was 66.4 MtC. These values are almost two points higher than the long-term average values. A comparison of similar indicators for twenty years allowed us to conclude that that year is anomalous with respect to the entire time series, similarly to the fire seasons of 2003 and 2012. The period or interval of recurrence of three anomalous fire seasons is nine years. We do not know the reason for the recurrence of anomalous fire seasons. At the same time, the forested areas damaged of the wildfires and the amount of direst Carbon and other greenhouse gases emissions in anomalous fire season years decreases from 127.2 MtC (3.7 p.) in 2003, 83.8 MtC (2.4 p.) in 2012 to 66.4 MtC (1.9 p.) in 2021.

An increasing number of firms are integrating carbon emission concerns into their operational decision-making. Some of these actions are motivated by individual initiatives towards corporate environmentalism. While some other are driven by environmental regulation pressures. Policies such as carbon caps under the Kyoto Protocol and carbon tax have been introduced in many countries as mechanisms to induce firms to adopt the low carbon society. In this setting, we present a model for analyzing the impact of carbon emission considerations on the coordination between two/or more different business entities. In the absence of carbon emission considerations, channel coordination has been widely studied in the supply chain management literature. It has been shown that both entities are often better off under the coordinated channel. Several mechanisms and contracts have been then studied to settle down such coordination under different scenarios. The purpose of this research is to investigate these traditional (cost driven) results under carbon emissions considerations. In other terms our objective is to illustrate how the incentives for the coordination are affected by the presence of carbon emission firms&amp;#39; concerns. In our initial analysis we consider traditional buyer-vendor coordination by associating carbon emission parameters with ordering and holding decision variables. We examine how the values of these parameters as well as the considered regulatory emission control policies affect cost and emissions. The corresponding carbon emissions are incorporated into the model through the consideration of various regulatory policies that include : (1) strict emission caps: both of the supplier and the buyer are subject to mandatory caps on the amount of carbon they emit, (2) carbon tax policy: the supplier and the buyer are taxed on the amount of emissions they emit and (3) cap and trade system: the supplier and the buyer are subject to carbon caps but are rewarded /penalized for emitting less/more than their caps. Under carbon emission considerations, the centralized solution remains profit-optimal but not necessarily emission-optimal. This means that the joint profit is often increased when the channel is coordinated. However, the amount of total carbon emissions may be higher than what could be emitted by the retailer and the supplier when they work individually. We identify conditions on cost and emission parameters under which the joint policy is both profit and emission optimal. We also show that the outcome of the coordination is very sensitive to the type of the regulatory policy, for instance some policies are providing greater incentives than others for coordination.

The purpose of this study is to assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction performance among certification criteria constituting “materials and resources” category, as a part of study that configures weighted values of categories for the Korea Green Building Scheme (G-SEED). For this purpose, the subjects of assessment were classified into “reference apartment house” newly constructed without application of certification criteria and “assessed apartment house” newly constructed with reflection of certification criteria. In addition, direct and indirect GHG emission reduction performance of the assessed apartment house was assessed from life cycle perspective in comparison to the reference apartment house, reflecting the purpose of assessment according to certification criteria within the “materials and resources” category. As a result, GHG emission reduction performance of “displaying carbon emission of material” and “recycling” were deduced to be extremely excellent. GHG emission reduction performance of “flexibility” and “reducing food waste” ware analyzed to be relatively satisfactory. On one hand, GHG emission reduction performance of “appropriateness of measure to reduce furniture materials” and “use of eco-friendly products” ware assessed to be relatively insufficient.

Quantification process of carbon emissions in the construction industry

Automobile manufacturers have been contributing a large quantity of carbon emission on the earth for decades. This study examined an environmental impact problem of an automobile ignition coil within a supply chain. An assessment based on the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment to certify total carbon emission that a product contributes to the environment at various stages of production, packing and transportation. In this case, a production of every automobile ignition coil will generate a total of 0.8649 kg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2eq). An analysis exhibits that these constituent parts, including core, insulating filling resin and shell, are the major sources of CO2 emissions, which account for 23.78%, 16.37% and 15.04%, respectively. The major ingredients of these components are iron, epoxy resin and polybutylene terephthalate. A further investigation shows that the carbon emission of the packaging material should be considered in this case, due to paper and wood-containing materials. Also, while setting an environmental impact problem for a product, a generic analysis development can classify into three categories: human health, ecosystem quality and resource consumption. The analysis result showed that both of materials, i.e., polymer and metal, heavily influence the environment, especially metal. For a green manufacturing process, reducing the consumption of these raw materials in manufacturing is essential to achieve sustained economic growth but diminish carbon emission problem in the life cycle of an automobile ignition coil.

Comprehensive and accurate carbon measurement in industrial parks is an important prerequisite for grasping the current status of carbon emissions in industrial parks and exploring their carbon reduction potential. In industrial parks, a large amount of indirect or direct carbon emissions will be generated in common processes such as power use, fuel consumption, and industrial processes, and how to realize the real-time and accurate measurement of indirect and direct carbon emissions in industrial parks will become the key foundation for promoting carbon reduction and emission reduction in industrial parks. This paper focuses on the impact of auxiliary services provided by distributed power generation on carbon emissions and the integration of multi-energy carbon emission measurement technology to carry out carbon emission accurate measurement technology research, puts forward an accurate measurement method of indirect electricity carbon emission in industrial parks considering auxiliary services, and forms a carbon emission measurement technology solution in line with the new energy power generation and multiple energy use in industrial parks to provide data support for the low-carbon transformation of electric power in the parks. The study will provide data support for the low-carbon transformation of electric power and energy in the industrial park.

With the ratification of the Paris Agreement at the Paris Climate Conference, reducing carbon emissions has become a global interest. Coal is one of the main industries causing carbon emissions; thus, quantifying carbon emissions from coal mining is an important step in reducing these emissions. Firstly, based on the life cycle idea, in this paper, we define the Carbon Emission Boundary of the fully mechanized coal mining method. Secondly, the carbon emission accounting model (B-R model) of fully mechanized coal mining is established, which includes the total amount of carbon emissions and the carbon emissions of each mining link during the mining process. The Fifth-II mining area of the Jinda Coal Mine in Tengzhou City is taken as an example. We collect the relevant data on carbon emissions in the mining process of the Jinda Coal Mine, and the B-R model is used to obtain the carbon emissions in the mining process of this mining area. Finally, the feasibility of the B-R model is further verified according to the international authoritative carbon emission IPCC calculation method and the China Coal Production Enterprises Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounting Methodology and Reporting Guide. The results show that the B-R model in this paper is feasible and that the greatest amount of carbon emissions arises from the coal breaking link and coal transportation, which provides a basis for other coal mines to calculate carbon emissions. The B-R model lays a foundation for coal mines to formulate a carbon emission reduction system.

The realization of the “double carbon” goals and the development of green transportation require a focused approach to reducing carbon emissions from private cars. Starting from the perspective of social network analysis, this paper constructs the carbon emission network of private car cross-district mobility based on vehicle trajectory big data in Guangzhou and Foshan and analyzes its spatial network characteristics. Next, the MRQAP model is constructed to examine the impact of built environment factors on carbon emissions from private cars. Furthermore, the paper explores the moderating effect of private car mobility in the central urban area. The results indicate the following: (1) Private vehicle cross-district mobility in the Guangzhou and Foshan region are closely interconnected and exhibit a phenomenon of central clustering. (2) Both population density and the number of road intersections have a positive relationship with private car carbon emissions, and after a series of robustness tests, the results are still valid. (3) Private vehicle mobility in central urban areas contributes to an increase in carbon emissions, and the positive impact is reinforced by population density, while road intersections and private car mobility in central urban areas have a substitutive effect on private car carbon emissions.

Assessing the environmental impact of Greenhouse Gases in a Low-Carbon Green City in South Korea

Carbon emissions of water supply systems in China: Characteristic, right, right balance and reduction potential assessment