A comparative analysis of the burden of lip and oral cavity cancers in the Indian subcontinent.

ObjectiveTo explore the global trends in the incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of lip and oral cavity cancer from 1990 to 2021, analyze regional, age and gender differences in lip and oral cavity cancer across the world, and predict future trends.MethodsThe data were all from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, calculating the global incidence, mortality and DALY rates of lip and oral cavity cancer per 100,000 population. The estimated annual percent change (EAPC) was calculated and a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) analysis was conducted. The fitting curves of the disease burden indicators and the socio-demographic index (SDI) were analyzed.ResultsGlobally, incident cases of lip and oral cavity cancer in 2021 were 421,577 (95% UI, 389,878.79–449,782.06), number of deaths was 208,379 (95% UI, 191,287.97–224,162.08) and number of DALY was 5,874,070 (95% UI, 5,326,986.06-6,347,557.28). From 1990 to 2021, the incidence increased by 63.68%, the mortality rate increased by 44.6%, and the DALY rate increased by 35.21%. Among the five SDI regions, the incidence, mortality, and DALY rate in middle SDI regions have seen the largest increases, with EAPC of 2.83% (95% CI, 2.69–2.97), 1.99% (95% CI, 1.9–2.07), and 1. 71% (95%CI, 1.64–1.78). From the perspective of 21 regions, the incidence of lip and oral cavity cancer was highest in Australasia in 2021 (11.21 per 100,000; 95%UI, 9.97–12.4). At the national level, Palau has the highest incidence, mortality, and DALY rate globally (32.32 per 100,000; 95%UI, 24.64–41.33, 17.62 per 100,000; 95%UI, 13.37–22.83, 558.99 per 100,000; 95%UI, 420.48-735.74). BAPC forecasts a global rise in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) for this cancer in the coming years.ConclusionFrom 1990 to 2021, global rates of lip and oral cavity cancer incidence, mortality, and DALY rates increased significantly, with particularly notable rises in low-middle and middle SDI regions. This highlights the urgency of taking targeted intervention measures.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-025-07248-9.

ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the temporal Trends in the burden of lip and oral cavity cancer in China from 1990 to 2021, stratified by age and sex. Key indicators—including prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)—are analyzed and compared with corresponding global metrics.MethodsUsing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database spanning 1990 to 2021, we conducted a systematic analysis of trends in the burden of lip and oral cavity cancer in China and worldwide. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was estimated using Joinpoint regression analysis to quantify the magnitude of temporal trends. Differences in cancer burden across age groups and sexes were evaluated, and the ARIMA model was employed to project future trends. Finally, we conducted a decomposition analysis to determine the percentage contribution of factors affecting the burden of lip and oral cancer.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of lip and oral cavity cancer in China increased from 1.704 to 2.681 per 100,000 population, while the global ASIR rose from 4.270 to 4.880 per 100,000. The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) in China increased from 4.168 to 10.158 per 100,000, compared to a rise from 13.888 to 17.706 per 100,000 globally. The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) in China declined from 1.224 to 1.152 per 100,000, while the global ASMR decreased slightly from 2.454 to 2.424 per 100,000. The age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDR) in China fell from 32.086 to 29.205 per 100,000, whereas the global ASDR decreased from 69.266 to 67.714 per 100,000. Between 1990 and 2021, the average annual percent changes (AAPCs) in China were 1.487% for ASIR, 2.899% for ASPR, − 0.187% for ASMR, and − 0.319% for ASDR. In comparison, the corresponding global AAPCs were 0.443%, 0.796%, − 0.029%, and − 0.072%, respectively. Age and sex had a significant impact on the burden of lip and oral cavity cancer, with males consistently exhibiting higher incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs than females. Projections for the next 15 years indicate that the ASIR and ASMR in China will likely stabilize, while the ASPR and ASDR are expected to continue increasing. Globally, the ASMR and ASDR are projected to remain stable, whereas the ASIR and ASPR are anticipated to rise. The decomposition analyses revealed that both population aging and population increase factors exacerbated the burden of lip and oral cancer, whereas epidemiologic changes promoted the number of lip and oral cavity cancer cases but suppressed the increase in the number of deaths and DALYs.ConclusionFrom 1990 to 2021, the incidence and prevalence rates of lip and oral cavity cancer increased in both China and globally, while mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) experienced a slight decline. The burden of the disease was strongly associated with sex and age, with males exhibiting significantly higher incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates than females, and older adults demonstrating substantially higher rates compared to younger age groups. Over the next 15 years, the prevalence and DALY burden in China are projected to increase, while global incidence and prevalence are also expected to rise. Given China’s rapidly aging population, these findings highlight growing public health challenges that call for sustained, coordinated efforts to mitigate the future burden.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-025-06839-w.

ABSTRACTAimTo (i) assess the prevalence, incidence, and burden of lip and oral cavity cancer, untreated caries, and “other oral conditions” (a group that includes temporomandibular disorders, malocclusion, and dental trauma, among others) in 2021; and (ii) forecast their estimates in 2050. Aggregate estimates for overall oral conditions (comprising caries, periodontitis, and edentulism, but excluding cancer) were also evaluated.MethodsPrevalence, incidence, Years Lived with Disability (YLDs), Years of Life Lost (YLLs), Disability‐Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), and deaths were reported for lip and oral cavity cancer. Untreated caries and “other oral conditions” were described as prevalence and YLDs, with incidence included only for caries. Aggregate estimates for overall oral conditions encompassed prevalence, incidence, and YLDs. Data were gathered globally, covering 204 countries, seven super‐regions, and 21 regions from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in 2021, with projections up to 2050 using mixed‐effects models.ResultsIn 2021, over 1.54 million (95% UI 1.44; 1.63) people worldwide were affected by lip and oral cavity cancer, with a global age‐standardized prevalence of 0.02%. The burden included 1.28 YLDs per 100 000 (0.97; 1.59), 65.86 YLLs per 100 000 (59.53; 71.00), 67.71 DALYs per 100 000 (61.32; 73.17), and 2.42 deaths per 100 000 (2.21; 2.60). By 2050, prevalence and incidence are projected to increase by +68.7% and + 82.6%, respectively. By that time, lip and oral cavity cancer is expected to rank 119th in terms of YLDs. In 2021, 7.55% (6.29–8.78) of children had untreated caries in deciduous teeth, 27.54% (23.98–32.02) of the adult population had caries in permanent teeth, and 1.86% (1.78–1.93) were affected by “other oral conditions”, with 45.91% (42.26–49.78) of the global population experiencing at least one oral condition. By 2050, the prevalence of deciduous caries is projected to decrease by −15.80%, while permanent caries is predicted to rise by +23.77%, and “other oral conditions” will increase by +22.28%. Overall oral conditions (including periodontitis and edentulism, but excluding cancer) are projected to affect 46.17% (42.52–49.95) of the global population in 2050, ranking as the 10th leading cause of YLDs, surpassing conditions such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease.ConclusionLip and oral cavity cancer, along with oral conditions aggregated (caries, periodontitis, edentulism, “other oral conditions”), continued to pose significant public health challenges in 2021, with the number of affected individuals expected to increase substantially in the coming decades, largely driven by rising estimates of edentulism and severe periodontitis.

Head and Neck Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years From 1990 to 2021-A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.

e18138 Background: Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers (LOPC) are significant contributors to the global cancer burden, with notable disparities across regions. Despite advancements in prevention and treatment, global trends indicate a slight overall increase in age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR). In order to address the increasing incidence of these malignancies in susceptible areas and close the healthcare gap causing these disparities, our study highlights the critical need for targeted, region-specific strategies. Methods: The GBD 2021 study's data was analyzed for 204 countries and territories. Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs), years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were the metrics used. Average annual percent changes (AAPC) values were calculated using linear regression to assess temporal trends. Results: With a global annual percentage change (AAPC) of 0.42(95%CI: 1.25 to -0.42), the global age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for lip, oral, and pharyngeal malignancies shows a small increase overall. Cabo Verde (AAPC 8.52), Northern Mariana Islands (AAPC 4.37), and American Samoa (AAPC = 4.15) are the countries with the steepest increase. Nonetheless, Ghana (AAPC = -4.08), Afghanistan (AAPC = -2.84), and France (AAPC = -1.76) are among the countries with a declining pattern. With an AAPC of 0.16 and 0.14, the global DALY and YLL rates showed an increasing trend. The countries with the largest rises were Cabo Verde (DALY: 8.814, YLL: 8.805), American Samoa (DALY: 3.863, YLL: 3.860), while Ghana (DALY-4.263, YLL: -4.268), Afghanistan (DALY: -2.354, YLL: -2.3543) and France (DALY -2.284, YLL: -2.284) recorded the greatest decline. With an AAPC of 1.43, the global YLDs showed an increasing trend; the countries with the greatest increases were Cabo Verde (9.39), the Republic of Korea (4.91), Romania (4.16), and Albania (4.11), while Ghana (AAPC -3.84) and Afghanistan(AAPC -2.36) demonstrated improvement. Conclusions: Despite a minor increase in the worldwide burden of LOPC, regional differences highlight the necessity of focused treatments in high-burden nations. Regional discrepancies are particularly noticeable in African countries; for example, ASMR rates in Ghana and Cabo Verde vary significantly, presumably due to disparities in healthcare access and resource allocation. To lessen the increasing burden in areas that are already at risk, comprehensive policies that address modifiable risk factors, early diagnosis, and equitable access to healthcare are essential. ASMRs, DALYs, YLLs and YLDs for global burden of lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers (LOPC) between 1990 and 2021. Outcome Global AAPC(95% CI) P-value ASMRs 0.42(1.25to -0.40) 0.31 YLLs 0.14(0.88 to -0.59) 0.70 DALYs 0.16(0.91 to -0.57) 0.65 YLDs 1.43(2.59 to 0.29) 0.015

Lip and oral cavity cancer is a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence rates in recent years. Understanding epidemiological trends and their associated risk factors is crucial for effective prevention and management. This study aimed to analyze global, regional, and national trends in lip and oral cavity cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021 to assess key risk factors and sociodemographic influences to support clinical pharmacy interventions and improve patient outcomes. Lip and oral cavity cancer burden was analyzed by location, age, and sex. Joinpoint regression assessed trends, Spearman correlation measured sociodemographic index (SDI) associations, and decomposition analysis quantified population growth, aging, and epidemiological impacts. Cross-country disparities and risk factors were also evaluated. In 2021, there were 421,577 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 389,879-449,782) new lip and oral cavity cancer cases, 208,379 (95% UI: 191,288-224,162) deaths, and 5,874,070 (95% UI: 5,326,986-6,347,557) DALYs globally, with the highest burden in South Asia. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) increased significantly, while the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate slightly declined. Men and older adults had higher rates, but the increase was more pronounced in women and younger populations. ASIR correlated positively with SDI, while cross-country inequalities persisted, particularly in low-SDI regions. The contribution of tobacco chewing to lip and oral cavity cancer deaths and DALYs slightly increased. The incidence of lip and oral cavity cancer continues to increase, with a shifting burden on younger individuals and women. Targeted interventions to reduce risk factors and improve access to healthcare are essential for high-risk populations and regions.

Introduction: The oral cavity includes the lips, buccal mucosa, teeth, gingiva, anterior two third of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and hard palate. Comprehensive data on the burden of oral cancer are lacking at the national and state levels. Therefore, analysing the changing trend in oral cancer in India over the last three decades fills a significant gap. Methods:In this study, the number of new cancer cases, the population at risk, and the crude incidence rate were extracted from the GBD 2019 data. We used the Joinpoint regression to assess the trends in age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 population for lip ad oral cancer among men in India from 1990 to 2019 and we used the cancer registry data for the projection of the cancer incidence for all the states, union territories, and India every five years from 2026 to 2036 for lip and oral cancer among men.Results:The estimate of lip and oral cancer cases among Indian men will be 131,414 in 2026, will increase to 147,488 during 2031, and will increase to 163,224 during 2036. Conclusion:The present study estimates the lip and oral cancer cases, which will help for planning purpose of cancer screening facilities for early detection, awareness of cancer, modifying lifestyle, reduction in tobacco use, and establishment of adequate treatment guidelines that can effectively be carried out at different levels (district hospitals, teaching hospitals, specialized hospitals, etc.) would also help in the reduction of mortality due to oral cancer as well as the burden of oral cancer.

AimsThis study addresses the essential need for updated information on the burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) in China for informed healthcare planning. We aim to estimate the temporal trends and the attributable burdens of selected risk factors of LOC in China (1990–2021), and to predict the possible trends (2022–2031).Subject and methodsAnalysis was conducted using data from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD) 2021, encompassing six key metrics: incidence, mortality, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs). Absolute number and age-standardized rates, alongside 95% uncertainty intervals, were computed. Forecasting of disease burden from 2022 to 2031 was performed using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model.ResultsOver the observed period (1990–2021), there were notable increases in the number of deaths (142.2%), incidence (283.7%), prevalence (438.0%), DALYs (109.2%), YLDs (341.2%), and YLLs (105.1%). Age-standardized rates demonstrated notable changes, showing decreases and increases of −5.8, 57.3, 143.7, −8.9%, 85.8%, and − 10.7% in the respective metrics. The substantial majority of LOC burden was observed among individuals aged 40–79 years, and LOC may exhibit a higher burden among males in China. From 2022 to 2031, the age-standardized rate of incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of LOC showed upward trends; while mortality, DALYs, and YLLs showed downward trends, and their estimated values were predicted to change to 2.72, 10.47, 1.11, 1.10, 28.52, and 27.43 per 100,000 in 2031, respectively. Notably, tobacco and high alcohol use emerged as predominant risk factors contributing to the burden of LOC.ConclusionBetween 1990 and 2021, the disability burden from LOC in China increased, while the death burden decreased, and projections suggest these trends will persist over the next decade. A significant portion of this disease burden to modifiable risk factors, specifically tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption, predominantly affecting males and individuals aged 40–79 years. Attention to these areas is essential for implementing targeted interventions and reducing the impact of LOC in China.

e18134 Background: Tobacco is an established risk factor for lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC). While a previous study quantified the global and regional burden of LOC and other pharyngeal cancers using the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) study estimates, comprehensive and up-to-date evaluations of tobacco-attributable LOC burden across different locations remain lacking. Given that LOC is an important contributor to the global cancer burden, this study aims to provide a thorough evaluation of the tobacco-attributed global and regional burden of LOC to enhance effective policy planning. Methods: In this analysis of GBD 2021 data, we examined temporal trends in mortality, years lived with disability (YLD), years of life lost (YLL), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) globally and in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 using age-adjusted standardized rates across all ages and sexes. Temporal trends were assessed using the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Metrics were calculated using standardized GBD methods, and the findings were stratified by country, with a comprehensive global summary highlighting the overarching pattern. Results: Globally, the burden of lip and oral cancers caused by tobacco has increased across all metrics from 1990 to 2021. The global AAPC was 0.38 (95%CI 0.38-0.45, p<0.001) for death, 1.02 (95%CI 0.93-1.11, p<0.001) for YLD, 0.28 (95%CI 0.21-0.34, p<0.001) for YLL and 0.29 (95%CI 0.23-0.35, p<0.001) for DALY. Regionally, Cabo Verde experienced the highest increases across all metrics, with AAPC values of 8.45 (95%CI 5.8-11.1) for mortality, 8.99 (95%CI 6.4-11.5) for YLD, 8.10 (95%CI 5.4-10.7) for YLL and 8.12 (95%CI 5.4-10.8) for DALY indicating a concerning rise in disease burden. Conversely, Canada showed the largest declines, with AAPC values of -2.78 (95%CI -2.9 to -2.5) for mortality, -2.06 (95%CI -2.1 to -1.9) for YLD, -2.95 (95%CI -3.1 to -2.7) for YLL and -2.89 (95%CI -3.0 to -2.7) for DALY reflecting notable improvements, likely attributed to effective tobacco control efforts. Conclusions: The global burden of LOC caused by tobacco remains substantial with marked regional disparities. Cabo Verde has emerged as a region requiring urgent targeted interventions, while Canada’s declining trends highlight the effectiveness of comprehensive tobacco control strategies. These findings enhance our understanding of the distribution and disparities in the LOC burden and underscore the need for synergistic, systematic, and multi-sectoral efforts, modeled after Canada, to mitigate this burden.

To analyze the trends of disease burden of lip and oral cancers in East Asia from 1990 to 2021 and its future projections. We used the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database to conduct a comprehensive analysis of disease burden data from China (including Taiwan Province of China), Japan, Republic of Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Mongolia. The data were stratified by age, gender and major risk factors, and a Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to predict the future trends. From 1990 to 2021, the burden of lip and oral cancers in East Asian countries exhibited a steady increase. Taiwan Province of China experienced the most significant increases in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), while Mongolia saw a decline in both mortality and DALYs. In 2021, Taiwan Province of China reported the highest rates of lip and oral cancer incidence (27.50 per 100 000), prevalence (137.92 per 100 000), mortality (9.59 per 100 000), and DALYs (292.07 person-years per 100 000), particularly among male and elderly populations. Tobacco use and alcohol consumption significantly exacerbated the disease burden in Taiwan Province of China and Japan. Future projections indicate that the incidence and prevalence of lip and oral cancer in China (excluding Taiwan Province of China) will continue to rise, while their mortality rates are expected to decline in most regions, except for Taiwan Province of China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea. By the year 2035, the disease burden of lip and oral cancers in East Asia is expected to continue to increase, especially in Taiwan Province of China. To address this challenge, it is essential to implement effective measures to control major risk factors, promote early screening, and ensure equitable distribution of healthcare resources.

The Inequitable Global Burden of Lip and Oral Cancers: Widening Disparities Across Countries

Background Smokeless tobacco (SLT), particularly chewing tobacco, is an underrecognized public health concern. Its long-term burden and trends, especially in China, remain incompletely quantified. Methods Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, we estimated chewing tobacco–attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized mortality and DALY rates for lip and oral cavity cancer and esophageal cancer (2000–2021), globally and in China. Analyses were stratified by year, sex, and age. Decomposition, age–period–cohort (APC), and Bayesian age–period–cohort (BAPC) models assessed drivers and project trends. Results From 2000 to 2021, chewing tobacco–attributable lip and oral cavity cancer deaths and DALYs nearly doubled globally and in China, with modest rises in age-standardized rates. Esophageal cancer showed slight absolute increases but declining standardized rates. For both cancers, DALYs peaked earlier than deaths. Compared with global patterns, China experienced a steeper increase in age-standardized lip and oral cavity cancer burden, particularly among males, and a larger decline in esophageal cancer burden, especially among females, leading to increasing male predominance. Globally, changes mainly reflected population growth and aging, whereas population growth predominated in China. Projections indicate continued increases in lip and oral cavity cancer burden and further declines in esophageal cancer burden. Conclusions Chewing tobacco–attributable lip and oral cavity cancer burden in China has risen markedly and is projected to increase further, particularly among males and working-age populations, whereas esophageal cancer burden continues to decline. Integrated prevention strategies are needed to sustain progress and reduce the growing burden.

Background—The recent burden of lip and oral cavity, nasopharynx and other pharynx cancer (LOCP) has not been specifically investigated in Europe. Methods—In this descriptive epidemiological study, LOCP was categorised into lip and oral cavity cancer, nasopharynx cancer and other pharynx cancer, with European trends documented using the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD). Summary statistics included deaths, age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR), mortality rates, YLLs (years of life lost), YLDs (years of life lived with disability) and DALYS (disability-adjusted life years). Results—Lip and oral cavity cancer (LO) is the most dominant with the incidence decreasing from 6.2 new cases per 100,000 (95% UI: 6.1–6.4) in 1990 to 5.3 new cases per 100,000 (95% UI: 4.6–6.1). However, nasopharynx cancer (NP) and other pharynx cancer (OP) increased from 1 and 2.2 new cases per 100,000 in 1990 to 1.1 and 3.3 new cases per 100,000 in 2019, respectively. It was noted that LOCP YLLs is much higher than YLDs. In Europe, eastern European countries, specifically Hungary, have the highest burden of LOCP. When LOCP attributable to tobacco in Ireland was compared with the EU, the percentage decrease in OP DALYs attributable to tobacco is below the EU average, whereas the percentage decrease in LO attributable to tobacco in Ireland was above the EU average. Conclusions—There has been a significant increase in ASIR in categories other pharynx and nasopharynx cancer since 1990, with significant geographic variations.

232 Background: Lip and oral cavity cancer, which is predominantly of the squamous cell type, is one of the most prevalent cancers of the head and and neck. In oral cavity cancers, the floor or anterior base of the mouth is routinely involved, meanwhile lip tumours are typically found in the lower lip. Majority of the cases are attributable to alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking and although it can be largely prevented through lifestyle modifications, it still poses a great threat due to lack of prompt detection and diagnosis; which is the biggest factor in survival and hence it is imperative to explore its trends and mortality rates. Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) was used to extract data for deaths associated with lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to alcohol consumption from 1990-2021. Dataset was stratified globally, continent-wise and by socio-demographic index levels and USA was further stratified into its states. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLL) were assessed. Joinpoint regression was employed to quantify these estimates and calculate average annual percentage changes (AAPCs). Results: Globally, age standardized death rates (ASDR) had a slight declining trend for lip and oral cavity cancers from 1990-2021. In 1990, the ASDR was 0.49 (95% UI 0.38 to 0.59) which declined to 0.46 in 2021 (AAPC = -0.18; 95% CI -0.27 to -0.10). The disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were 14.73 in 1990 and dropped to 13.66 in 2021 (AAPC = -0.24; 95% CI -0.31 to -0.18). The age standardized years of life lost (YLL) showed consistent dropping trends during the same timeline (AAPC = -0.26; 95% CI -0.32 to -0.19). Europe and America reported the highest mortality rates in the continental analysis but both had declining trends [(AAPC = -0.93; 95% CI -1.15 to -0.71) and (AAPC = -0.72; 95% CI -0.86 to -0.59) respectively] while Asia showed the sharpest rise (AAPC = 1.17; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.29) and Africa had a slightly upward trend (AAPC = 0.21; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.25). During further analysis of USA we found that the states of District of Columbia, Connecticut and Massachusetts had the highest mortality rates with average ASDR 0.695, 0.464 and 0.461 respectively. An analysis of socio-demographic index levels revealed a progressive rise in mortality rates across low-middle, low and middle SDI regions, in that order, on the other hand high-middle and high SDI regions had negative trends. Conclusions: Globally efforts to minimise deaths from lip and oral cancers has been effective and there is a significant decline in the mortality. Nevertheless, regional imbalances still do exist. Further healthcare interventions, extensive research and preventive measures can contribute in alleviating this health risk.

The trend of DALY of breast, colorectal, oral, and cervical cancers in Taiwan in 2005-2017.