A Companion to the Medieval World

Anthropos , Seite 451 - 472

Reviewed by: The Jews of Europe in the Middle Ages (Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries): Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Speyer, 20-25 October 2002 Jennifer Shea Cluse, Christoph, ed., Jews of Europe in the Middle Ages (Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries): Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Speyer, 20-25 October 2002 (Cultural Encounters in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, 4), Turnhout, Brepols, 2004; cloth; pp. xvii, 512; 24 maps, 53 b/w illustrations; RRP €60.00; ISBN 2503516971. All too often, academic studies of Jewish life, culture and thought in the Middle Ages are branded as specialist works of interest to only a small minority of working medievalists, pigeonholed by publishers in 'Jewish studies'. This volume, however, is an important contribution not only to specialists in medieval Jewish thought and culture, but also to medieval generalists working in a range of sub-specialties. It demonstrates conclusively the importance of considering Jewish contributions to life in medieval Western Europe not in isolation, but always in relation to the wider society. The volume presents the edited (and, in some cases, translated) proceedings of the 2002 conference on 'Culture, Mobility, Migration and Settlement of Jews in Medieval Europe' funded by the 'Culture 2000' programme of the European Commission. This major conference was the culmination of a project led by Professor Alfred Haverkamp of the University of Trier. Among the project's stated aims were: to consolidate numerous divergent studies that fell under its umbrella, and to provide an overview of the current state of research a number of fields that come to bear upon the study of Jewish thought and culture in Medieval Europe. In addition to this, the project's directors wished to give a public voice to the work of talented younger scholars in the field. The essay collection therefore showcases the diversity of recent work by up-and-coming scholars of Jewish culture in medieval Western Europe, as well as presenting valuable essays by more established scholars. The volume is organized in five parts: The first section, 'Dimensions of the Subject', contains five keynote essays by some of the preeminent scholars in the field of medieval Jewish history and Jewish/non-Jewish relations in the period: [End Page 178] David Abulafia and Anna Sapir Abulafia of the University of Cambridge, Alfred Haverkamp of Trier, Peter Schäfer of Berlin and Princeton, and Yacov Guggenheim of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Together with Haverkamp's general essay introducing the volume, these keynote essays would be an excellent starting point for students or researchers entering the field. The essays in the second section, 'Around the Mediterranean', provide current thought on the status of Jews in various regions in the Middle Ages: Aragon, Castile, Navarre, Provence, Sicily, and northern and central Italy. Relations between Jews and local rulers receive particular attention, and there is also an excellent overview essay on 'Maimonides and Mediterranean Culture' by Sarah Stroumsa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The third section, 'The Northern Jewries, France, England, and Ashkenaz', includes recent work on the organization of Jewish communities in northern France, England, and the Rhineland, and the integration or exclusion of these communities from the surrounding regions. There is also an excellent piece by Nora Berend of the University of Cambridge on the status of Jewish communities in medieval Hungary. In section four, 'Aspects of Jewish Social, Economic, and Intellectual History', the involvement of medieval European Jewish communities in a number of disparate fields is explored. There are essays on 'Halakhah', Taboo and the origin of Jewish Moneylending in Germany' (Haym Soloveitchik), 'Jews in Medieval European Medicine' (Kay Peter Jankrift) and a strong essay on the 'Public Roles of Jewish Women in Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Ashkenaz' by Martha Keil. There are also pieces on the 'Iconography of Medieval Diaspora Synagogues' (Vivian B. Mann) and early Yiddish language studies (Erika Timm). Finally, the essays in section five, 'Individual Jewries Through Archival and Archaeological Studies', look at Jewish communities in medieval Europe in locations including Cologne, Würzburg, Regensburg, Oxford, Speyer, and Worms. This section will be of particular interest to those working in not only Jewish history, but local history studies and historical cartography. The...

New Books across the Disciplines

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Breaking Old Habits: Recent Research on Women, Spirituality and the Arts in the Middle Ages

Reviewed by: The origin legends of early medieval Britain and Ireland by Lindy Brady Donato Sitaro (bio) Lindy Brady, The origin legends of early medieval Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. ISBN 9781009225618 (hardback), 9781009225670 (ebook). x + 272 pages. $99.00. Origin myths and legends are prominent features of early medieval writings and mentalities. They became a popular genre, an ever-growing corpus of traditions and pseudo-histories, and eventually a late-antique/early medieval 'scholarly preoccupation', as underlined by Brady & Wadden in the foreword to their edited volume Origin legends in early medieval Western Europe (2022: 4). Despite not being the first recorded origines gentium, the Insular origin myths stand out as precious hermeneutic objects for scholars of early medieval culture, as part of a genre 'that has shaped national identity and collective history from the early medieval period to the present day', as we read in the synopsis. The variety of their approach and their richness in contents and traditions make the British, Irish, Pictish, and Anglo-Saxon origin narratives a perfect subject for a dedicated volume. Discussing these apparently divergent narratives in comparative terms was not an easy task, but Brady bravely attempts it in a relatively compact and easily readable book. Divided into five main chapters, the book is prefaced by a 27-page introductory section, eloquently titled 'The anachronism of nationalism', where modern scholarly debate around the contested concepts of ethnicity, post-Roman identities, and early medieval writers' agendas is summarized and discussed. Brady's approach consciously differs from the two major historiographical standpoints on ethnic identities, as it neither gives excessive weight to the influence of Classical ethnography (as Goffart did), [End Page 156] nor does it look too far forward by extending the effects of enduring ethnic identities from the Migration Period deep into the Middle Ages (as in certain readings by Wolfram and Pohl). Brady decides to look 'sideways' (21) to explore the textual and conceptual interrelations between the origin legends of the British Isles without attempting to construct from the texts a straightforward idea of the development of ethnic identities. She looks at the development of origin stories within and among the texts surveyed, more than outside and beyond them. For this reason, the interpretative keywords for Brady's analysis of the sources are 'discourse' and 'development' (3). Her assessment that the concepts enshrined in early medieval origin narratives were communicating and were part of a shared intellectual milieu is repeated throughout the introduction and beyond (1, 4, 16, 21, 63, 227, 229). This assumption finds support in the first chapter through a survey of the textual history of the Insular works containing origin stories: Gildas's De excidio, Bede's Historia ecclesiastica, the ninth-century Historia Brittonum, and the later Irish Lebor Bretnach and Lebor gabála Érenn. While the first two works are referred to in cursory fashion as embryonic nuclei of traditions that would develop later, the latter three pseudo-histories are discussed in depth throughout the book. The Historia Brittonum is given a justified pre-eminence as 'a valuable microcosm of the intellectual connections which form the focus of the study' (16). After the presentation of the sources, the proper narratological analysis begins: chapters 2, 3, and 4 focus on exile, kin-slaying, and intermarriage and incest, respectively. Having established the interrelated nature of the Insular writings in chapter 1, Brady is able to conduct a comparative survey of shared concepts and their development within three concentric levels of investigation corresponding to the three-part structure of these chapters: (i) first she explores the wider conceptual resonance of the motif in literature, usually through comparison with biblical and classical archetypes; (ii) then she outlines the recurrence of historical episodes involving the motif (cases of exiles or kin-slayers in the early medieval Insular context); and finally (iii) she considers the meaning of the motif within the Insular origin narratives. The second part of these themed chapters, the attempt to show 'resonances of these topics in [historical] early insular society' (138), could have been the trickiest. However, Brady addresses the eventual collision between literary motifs and the 'hard facts' drawn from legal and historical records through...

GIS-based analysis of settlement patterns for the central Baraba Lowland (Western Siberia, Russia) in relation to climatic conditions of the Middle – Late Holocene

New Books across the Disciplines

Gender & History the thought of the Anglo-Saxon monastic theorist Aldhelm (c.639-709), for example, religious men and women partook, in Emma Pettit's words, of a 'shared invisible spiritual identity heavily indebted to masculinity'. Monks and nuns alike were enjoined to contend 'manfully ' (viriliter) in the battle against vices. The visible dimensions of religious life, however, from dress to demeanour, retained clear gender distinctions, and for Aldhelm the transition to religious life entailed a more dramatic break for men than for women. Elsewhere, hagiographers drew on different models of sanctity in characterising the transition to female religious life, from the transcending of gender through virile asceticism to the transformation of gender through spiritualised motherhood. Often, as Simon Coates has shown in his study of the vitae of the sixth-century abbess Radegund of Poitiers, hagiographers blended elements from these models. cross the diversity of early medieval models of sanctity (and their modern interpretations), chastity was a crucial sign of religious distinction. But chastity was also fragile, an 'unstable condition and easily lost among the pitfalls of the world'. From early Christianity onwards, sexual lapses were rude reminders to individuals and communities of the gender roles which religious orientation sought to reconfigure. When, in the early third century, Tertullian critiqued an emergent custom in Carthage for virgins who had renounced marriage to stand unveiled in church, he noted acerbically that after uncovering their heads many ended up covering their bellies in shame or resorting to abortion to prevent public disclosure of sexual sin. 9 From punitive retribution to the remedy of penance, responses to such lapses endeavoured to recover the communal experience of chastity and to contain the turbulence of sexual sin in communities of the chaste.

Zubin Mistry’s Abortion in the Early Middle Ages, c.500–900 seeks to uncover the cultural significance of abortion in early medieval societies. While evidence about pre-modern attitudes to abortion in early medieval Western Europe is fragmentary, Mistry manages to summon a range of sources, all condemning the practice. In excerpts of canon laws, penitentials, sermons, saints’ lives, and biblical commentaries, he reads deeply into the context that occasioned authoritative statements on abortion. The resulting monograph is the first to comprehensively gather all of the authoritative fragments on abortion in continental Western Europe from the period and to consider their cumulative effects, addressing how they relate to one another to reflect, if not a cohesive discourse on abortion, then at least the “thought-worlds” of their authors. Abortion in the Early Middle Ages firmly establishes that reactions to the practice of abortion were situational, rooted in specific historical circumstances, and unrepresentative of contemporary abstract concerns about fetal “life.”

“New Books across the Disciplines” is a bibliographic resource that facilitates a cross-disciplinary survey of recent publications. Its scope ranges from late antiquity to the seventeenth century. Coverage is comprehensive for the large majority of North American and British publishers. Other European titles are included whenever received. Books are classified under variable topical headings and listed alphabetically by author's name. Entries include complete bibliographical data and annotations. Unless designated for paperback editions, prices given are for cloth editions. For paperback reprint editions, original publication dates are given in parentheses. With few exceptions, books appearing here have been published within the previous two years. Many will be presented here before they are ordered and shelved by libraries. Thanks go to David Aers and Sarah Beckwith for their collegial editorial contribution.The topics for this issue include: Editions and translationsManuscripts and printed booksChurch, reform, and devotionScience and medicineThe natural worldThe everydayAstell, Ann W., and Joseph Wawrykow, eds. Three Pseudo-Bernadine Works. With the assistance of Thomas Clemmons. Translated by members of the Catena Scholarium at the University of Notre Dame. Introduction by Dom Elias Dietz, OCSO. Cistercian Studies Series, vol. 273. Athens, Ohio: Cistercian Publications; Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2018. xv, 160 pp. Paper $29.95. [Translations of Formula honestae vitae, Instructio sacerdotalis, and Tractatus de statu virtutum humilitatis, obedientiae, tomoris, et charitatis.]Bernard, of Clairvaux. Various Sermons. Translated by Grace Remington, OCSO. Introduction by Alice Chapman. Cistercian Fathers Series, vol. 84. Athens, Ohio: Cistercian Publications; Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2020. xlix, 99 pp. Paperback $24.95. [Ten sermons on feast days.]Black, Joseph L., ed. The Martin Marprelate Press: A Documentary History. Publications of the Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. Tudor and Stuart Texts, vol. 5. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2020. 170 pp. Paper $21.95. [Collection of twenty edited documents, mainly from manuscript and archival sources, connected with the underground press that produced the anti-episcopal Martin Marprelate tracts (1588–89).]Böckerman, Robin Wahlsten, ed. and trans. The Bavarian Commentary and Ovid: Clm 4610, the Earliest Documented Commentary on the “Metamorphoses.” Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2020. 386 pp., 4 color illus. Gbp 33.95, paper Gbp 23.95. [First critical edition of Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm 4610, which dates to ca. 1100 and is the earliest systematic study of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Latin text with facing-page English translation.]Bokenham, Osbern. Lives of Saints, vol. 1. Edited by Simon Horobin. Early English Text Society, o.s., vol. 356. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, 2020. xi, 417 pp., 1 plate. $85.00. [Bokenham's translation of Jacobus de Voragine's Legenda aurea, complemented by lives of various British saints, is the first edition of a major work by the fifteenth-century English poet and translator. Vol. 1 of the projected three-volume edition contains the introduction and 65 of the 180 lives.]Caxton, William. Caxton's “Golden Legend,” Volume 1: Temporale. Edited by Mayumi Taguchi, John Scahill, and Satoko Tokunaga. Early English Text Society, o.s., vol. 355. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, 2020. lxxxviii, 236 pp., 4 illus. $85.00. [First scholarly edition of Caxton's English translation of the Jacobus de Voragine's Legenda aurea printed in 1483–84.]Cudworth, Ralph. Origenes Cantabrigiensis: Ralph Cudworth, “Predigt vor dem Unterhaus” un adnere Schriften. Edited and translated by Alfons Fürst and Christian Hengstermann. Adamantiana, vol. 11. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2018. 311 pp. eur 54.00. [Editions of the letters, poems, and sermons by the Anglican clergyman and theologian, Ralph Cudworth, accompanied by six articles on his writings. English and Latin texts with facing-page German translations.]Da Vinci, Leonardo. Leonardo da Vinci's Codex Leicester: A New Edition. Edited and translated by Domenico Laurenza and Martin Kemp. 4 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Vol. 1 (83 pp.) contains a facsimile reproduction of the codex; vol. 2 (xv, 242 pp., 74 figs.) presents the history of the codex with interpretive essays; vol. 3 (x, 322 pp.) presents a transcription and English translation; vol. 4 (310 pp.) presents a modern English paraphrase and page-by-page commentary on the text. $390.00. [The four-volume edition of Leonardo's scientific notebook (36 folios) offers the first serious reconstruction of his legacy as a scientist.]Daniel, Henry. Liber Uricrisiarum: A Reading Edition. Edited by E. Ruth Harvey, M. Teresa Tavormina, and Sarah Star, eds. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020. xix, 511 pp., 1 illus. $100.00. [Edition of the earliest known work of academic medicine written in Middle English (1370s).]Erasmus, Desiderius. Erasmus on the New Testament: Selections from the “Paraphrases,” the “Annotations,” and the Writings on Biblical Interpretation. Edited and translated by Robert D. Sider. Erasmus Studies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020. xvi, 331 pp. $94.00, paper $47.95. [Translation of selections from Erasmus's voluminous writings on the New Testament.]Gallucci, Giovanni Paolo. Gallucci's Commentary on Dürer's “Four Books on Human Proportion”: Renaissance Proportion Theory. Translated and edited by James Hutson. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2020. xiii, 208 pp., 18 figs. Gbp 37.95, paper Gbp 22.95. [The first English translation of Gallucci's Della simmetria dei corpi humani, an Italian translation of Dürer's treatise.]Gerhard Zerbolt, von Zutphen. Was dürfen Laien lesen? De libris teutonicalibus / Een verclaringhe vanden duytshcen boeken. Edited by Nikolaus Staubach and Rudolf Suntrup. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2019. 214 pp., 1 fig. eur 48.00. [Latin text of a tract by the learned priest and librarian in the house of the Brothers of the Common Life in Deventer, which defended the right of laypeople to read the Bible in the vernacular, followed by a contemporary Dutch translation from the author's circle.]Gottfried, von Strassburg. “Tristan and Isolde” with Ulrich von Türheim's “Continuation.” Translated and edited by William T. Whobrey. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett, 2020. xxxiii, 321 pp. $49.00, paper $18.00. [English prose translation of Gottfried's Middle High German verse romance and Ulrich's Continuation.]Guillaume, de Machaut. The Complete Poetry and Music, Volume 2: The Boethian Poems; “Le Remede de Fortune,” “Le Confort d'Ami.” Edited and translated by R. Barton Palmer. Music edited by Uri Smilansky. Art historical commentary by Domenic Leo. TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications for TEAMS in association with the University of Rochester, 2019. ix, 607 pp., 39 figs., 16 musical examples. Paper $39.95. [Old French verse texts with facing-page English verse translations, with accompanying music and art program of the base manuscript.]Hexter, Ralph, Laura Pfundter, and Justin Haynes, eds. and trans. Appendix Ovidiana: Latin Poems Ascribed to Ovid in the Middle Ages. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, vol. 62. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2020. xxxiv, 510 pp. $35.00. [The first comprehensive collection of Latin “medieval Ovid” verse texts with facing-page English prose translations.]John, of Garland. John of Garland's “De triumphis Ecclesie”: A New Critical Edition with Introduction and Translation. Edited and translated by Martin Hall. Studia Artistarum, vol. 44. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2019. 417 pp., 10 color illus. $111.00. [Latin verse text with facing-page English prose translation.]Jones, Catherine M., William W. Kibler, and Logan E. Whalen, trans. An Old French Trilogy: Texts from the William of Orange Cycle. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2020. ix, 214 pp., 1 map, 1 genealogy. $85.00. [Modern English verse translations of The Coronation of Louis, The Convoy to Nîmes, and The Conquest of Orange.]Kaufman, Alexander L., ed. The Jack Cade Rebellion of 1450: A Sourcebook. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2020. xii, 257 pp. $95.00. [Thirty-two medieval and early modern primary source documents on the Jack Cade rebellion.]Kramer, Johanna, Hugh Magennis, and Robin Norris, eds. and trans. Anonymous Old English Lives of Saints. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, vol. 63. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2020. xxxix, 764 pp. $35.00. [Twenty-two unattributed Anglo-Saxon prose texts of the eleventh and twelfth centuries with facing-page English translations.]Laurence, of Březová. Origins of the Hussite Uprising: The Chronicle of Laurence of Březová (1414–1421). Translated and edited by Thomas A. Fudge. Routledge Medieval Translations. London: Routledge, 2020. xiv, 284 pp., 4 figs., 3 maps. $160.00. [First English-language translation of the most important source on the early Hussite movement, De gestis et variis accidentibus regni Bohemiae.]Luft, Diana, ed. and trans. Medieval Welsh Medical Texts, Volume 1: The Recipes. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2020. xii, 611 pp. Paper $60.00. [First critical edition of the corpus of late medieval Welsh medical recipes traditionally ascribed to the Physicians of Myddfai. Welsh texts with facing-page English translations.]Lydgate, John. John Lydgate's “Dance of Death” and Related Works. Edited by Megan L. Cook and Elzaveta Strakhov. TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications for TEAMS in association with the University of Rochester, 2019. vii, 195 pp. Paper $19.95. [Includes both versions of Lydgate's Dance of Death, his French source, the Danse macabre (with English translation), and related Middle English verse.]Melick, Elizabeth, Susanna Fein, and David Raybin, eds. The Roland and Otuel Romances and the Anglo-French “Otinel.” TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications for the Rossell Hope Robbins Research Library, in collaboration with the University of Rochester Department of English and the Teaching Association for Medieval Studies, 2019. viii, 377 pp. Paper $24.95.Metochites, Theodoros. On Morals or Concerning Education [Ēthikos ē Peri paideias]. Translated and edited by Sophia Xenophontos. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, vol. 61. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2020. xxvi, 285 pp. $35.00. [Byzantine Greek text with facing-page English translation.]Meyer, Johannes. Women's History in the Age of Reformation: Johannes Meyer's “Chronicle of the Dominican Observance” [Buch der Reformacio Predigerordens]. Translated and edited by Claire Taylor Jones. Saint Michael's College Mediaeval Translations. Medieval Sources in Translation, vol. 58. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2019. vi, 306 pp., 2 maps. Paper $35.00.Miles, Joanna, ed. The Devil's Mortal Weapons: An Anthology of Late Medieval and Protestant Vernacular Theology and Popular Culture. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2018. xvi, 400 pp. Paperback $35.00. [Original transcriptions of source selections organized around the topics of soul, emotion, spiritual health, body, mind, and physical health.]Moreau-Guibert, Kerine, ed. Pore Caitif: A Middle English Manual of Religion and Devotion. Textes Vernaculaires du Moyen Age, vol. 24. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2019. 293 pp. Paper $111.00.Peter, the Venerable. Les écrits anti-sarrasins de Pierre le Vénérable: Cultures de combat et combat de cultures; “Summa totius haeresis Sarracenorum,” “Epistola de translatione sua,” “Contra sectam sive haeresim Sarracenorum.” Edited and translated by Alain Galonnier. Preface by Dominique Iogna-Prat. Philosophes Médiévaux, vol. 67. Leuven, Belg.: Peeters for Éditions de l'Institut Supérieur de Philosophie, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2020. vii, 386 pp. Paperback $128.00. [Latin texts followed by French translations.]Robins, William, ed. Historia Apollonii regis Tyri: A Fourteenth-Century Version of a Late Antique Romance. Toronto Medieval Latin Texts, vol. 36. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies for the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto, 2019. xi, 123 pp. Paperback $17.95. [Edited from Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vaticanus latinus 1961.]Rypon, Robert. Selected Sermons, Volume 1: Feast Days and Saints’ Days. Edited and translated by Holly Johnson. Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations, vol. 24.1. Leuven, Belg.: Peeters, 2019. 375 pp. Paper $84.00. [Latin texts with facing-page English translations.]Schieberle, Misty, ed. Christine de Pizan's Advice for Princes in Middle English Translation: Stephen Scrope's “The Epistle of Othea” and the Anonymous “Litel Bibell of Knyghthod.” TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications for the Rossell Hope Robbins Research Library, in collaboration with the University of Rochester Department of English and the Teaching Association for Medieval Studies, 2020. viii, 491 pp. $99.00, paper $39.95.Short, Ian, trans. and ed. Three Anglo-Norman Kings: “The Lives of William the Conqueror and Sons” by Benoît de Sainte-Maure [Histoire des ducs de Normandie]. Mediaeval Sources in Translation, vol. 57. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2018. viii, 228 pp. Paperback $25.00. [Prose translation of the last quarter of Benoît's epic verse chronicle.]Solopova, Elizabeth, Jeremy Catto, and Anne Hudson, eds. From the Vulgate to the Vernacular: Four Debates on an English Question c. 1400. British Writers of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, vol. 7. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies; Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2020. cxliv, 216 pp., 8 plates. $150.00. [Four texts on the legitimacy, for and against, of using the vernacular language for scriptural citation, including Latin works by the Franciscan William Butler, the Dominican Thomas Palmer, and the secular priest Richard Ullerston (edited for the first time), and an English Wycliffite adaptation of Ullerston's Latin. The Latin texts include facing-page English translations.]Bourne, Claire M. L. Typographies of Performance in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. xviii, 328 pp., 73 illus. $90.00. [Considers how the theatricality of early modern English drama is conveyed creatively through printed playbook typography and page design.]Bousmanne, Bernard, and Elena Savini, eds. The Library of the Dukes of Burgundy. London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 2020. 205 pp., 165 color plates. eur 75.00. [Anthology of articles with a catalogue of the library's collection of 280 surviving manuscripts housed in the Royal Library of Belgium.]Calhoun, Joshua. The Nature of the Page: Poetry, Papermaking, and the Ecology of Texts in Renaissance England. Material Texts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020. xii, 212 pp., 30 illus. $55.00.Chenoweth, Katie. The Prosthetic Tongue: Printing Technology and the Rise of the French Language. Material Texts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. 350 pp. $69.95.Connolly, Margaret, and Raluca Radulescu, eds. Editing and Interpretation of Middle English Texts: Essays in Honour of William Marx. Texts and Transitions, vol. 12. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2018. xix, 351 pp., 30 black-and-white and 2 color illus., 6 tables. eur 95.00. [Essays treating various types of manuscript evidence in relation to editing as an act of textual interpretation.]Fox, Adam. The Press and the People: Cheap Print and Society in Scotland, 1500–1785. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. ix, 449 pp., 60 illus. $100.00.Hirschler, Konrad. A Monument to Medieval Syrian Book Culture: The Library of Ibn ’Abd Al-Hādī. Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 2020. x, 612 pp., 20 black-and-white and 79 color illus. Gbp 85.00. [On the largest private book collection from the pre-Ottoman Arabic Middle East for which the corpus of manuscripts and a documentary paper trail survives.]Kwakkel, Erik, ed. Vernacular Manuscript Culture, 1000–1500. Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Book Culture. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2018. 278 pp., 23 figs., 22 plates. eur 40.50.Rouse, Richard H., and Mary A. Rouse. Renaissance Illuminators in Paris: Artists and Artisans, 1500–1715. London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 2019. 280 pp., 56 color and black-and-white plates. eur 125.00. [Study of the commercial manuscript book trade in Paris, including a biographical register of more than five hundred named illuminators.]Rudy, Kathryn M. Image, Knife, and Gluepot: Early Assemblage in Manuscript and Print. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2019. xvi, 356 pp., 137 color illus. Gbp 59.95, paper Gbp 22.95.Sawyer, Daniel. Reading English Verse in Manuscript, c. 1350–c. 1500. Oxford English Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. xiii, 208 pp., 9 figs. $80.00. [Investigates how the reading of poetry happened in the material context of and Text A History. Text University Press, 2020. xii, pp., black-and-white and color plates. Paper and Jeremy Catto, eds. Books and in Early Modern Essays to James in Mediaeval Studies, vol. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2018. 449 pp., 10 figs. Les des de vol. et de de 2 vols. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2019. pp., 1 color plate. eur survey of of books and by that are in the or in for from to and Theology of the Old Toronto Old and Series. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, xix, pp., 2 6 illus. “The of The of Saints’ on the of the Studies in the History of Medieval vol. Press, 2018. pp., illus. in Late Medieval New Books, 2020. pp., illus. and eds. and in the Late Middle Ages. 2019. pp., 30 color illus. eur in Medieval and Early Modern From to Oxford Studies in Medieval and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. xv, pp., 9 illus. and David eds. A History of an Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019. pp. and eds. Late Medieval in England. Medieval Studies, vol. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. xii, pp., 3 color illus. eur Middle English in Late Medieval England. Religion and in the Middle Ages. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2019. xvi, pp., 2 tables. Gbp Mary The and in Medieval University Press, 2019. viii, pp., 9 illus. [On the of and in the of and and eds. des vol. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2019. vi, pp. eur and eds. Cultures of in Early Modern Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. vii, pp., color plates. The and in England. University Press, 2019. xviii, pp., illus. [On how of the of of of Poems in of the University of Press, 2020. xi, pp., color 1 The of the in Early Modern Toronto vol. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019. xii, pp., illus. and Religion in Late Medieval Royal Society Studies in New Series. Press for the Royal Society, xiii, pp., 1 map, 20 illus. Paper and and in the Late Medieval Studies in the and Its Medieval Studies, vol. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. x, pp., 9 figs., 6 color tables. eur James M., and eds. Sources of the Christian A History of Christian Mich.: 2018. pp. and eds. and in Late Medieval and Early Modern and in the Middle vol. 1. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. 306 pp., color illus., 6 tables. eur Reformation of New University Press, 2019. pp. paper der vols. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2019. pp. Paper eur Early Modern and in the English Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020. 236 pp. or Latin to the in the Studies and Texts, vol. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2019. xv, pp. The of The History and of the Translated from the Italian by M. and R. A. University Press, 2019. pp., 10 illus. D. L. The Protestant Reformation and the Dutch in the Leiden: Leiden University Press, in association with the New 2019. viii, pp. eur The Age of An and History of Late Medieval and Reformation by and New University Press, 2020. pp., illus. Thomas W. and in the Medieval c. 1500. vol. 24. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. pp., 10 illus., 2 tables. eur The of the Medieval Middle Society, and University Press, 2018. xiv, pp., 2 maps. $39.95. [On the of Christian of and and the of and eds. and in Early Modern London: Routledge, 2019. ix, pp., figs. paper Protestant in Routledge Research in Early Modern History. New Routledge, 2020. ix, pp., 1 John Robert. and the of the Renaissance London: Books, 2020. pp., color and 39 black-and-white illus. Gbp [On the of by the around in the of and of Rudolf in The Medieval of and the Rise of the University Press, 2019. xv, pp., 6 illus. to and in Medieval The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. x, pp., 20 illus. and the Early Modern English by A. Chapman. London: Routledge, 322 pp., color 73 black-and-white figs., 2 Medical Texts in Anglo-Saxon Culture. Anglo-Saxon Studies. D. 2020. pp. ed. and at the of New of 2019. pp., color plates. of an at the of Art in in the Texts, and at vol. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. pp., color 6 tables. Paper eur 85.00. 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In the proposed article by Viktor Sokolov «Professional activities of a librarian in medieval Europe’s monastic libraries: characteristics, functions, peculiarities» the information concerning the activities of a librarian in Western European monastic libraries in the middle ages is analyzed and summarized. The relevance of this study is due to the need to study the specifics and development of the functional duties of monastic librarians, which have not been studied before, against the background of the formation and evolution of monastic libraries in the Early middle ages. The purpose of this article is to identify and characterize the features of the activities of librarians of monastic libraries in medieval Europe (mainly Western). The methodology of this scientific work consists in the application of both general scientific research methods (description, comparison, analogy, deduction, induction, analysis, etc.) and historical (historical-comparative, historical-typological, chronological, etc.) methods. Methods of terminological analysis, analysis of dictionary definitions, etymological and word-formation analysis, bibliographic and other research methods were also used. The article explores the main areas and areas of activity of a librarian in Western European monastic libraries, as well as some features of the development of book and library business in monasteries through the prism of the functional duties of a librarian. The content and significance of his professional activities in the dissemination of reading, education, development of book and library business are analyzed. The study made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of the interpretation of the terms that determine the activities of the librarian of Western European monastic libraries in the middle ages, in particular, the term «armarius» in modern book science and library research. The main factors and features of the formation of the meaning of the term «armarius» in the process of becoming a professional activity of monastic librarians are revealed. The scientific novelty of the work lies in expanding the understanding of the professional activities of the librarian of Western European monastic libraries in the period, mainly, the early middle ages and revealing the significance of his activities in the development of not only book and library science, but also the spiritual culture of the middle ages as a whole. The study shows that monastic librarians played an important role in organizing systematic reading among monks – both individual (including for educational purposes, in the form of obedience) and collective – using the method of reading aloud to familiarize themselves with the content of certain (predominantly theological) books. The position is confirmed that for the monastic librarian, a wide education, erudition and knowledge of books was considered an indispensable feature of his professionalism. Performing professional tasks at the proper level required from the monastery librarian certain analytical abilities in working with text, knowledge of several foreign languages (including ancient ones), detailed content of religious books, the ability to describe books and compile catalogs, as well as perform various functions that require conscientiousness, accuracy, ingenuity, etc. The article shows that the monastic librarian had to organize the work of the library at the appropriate level and monitor the proper use of books by the monks, as well as monitor their reading needs. The librarian not only supervised the work of the monastery library, ensured the preservation of books and control over their proper use, but also actively engaged in book business through the management of the scriptorium, controlling all stages of book creation. Conclusions. The activity of the monastic clergy, including monastic librarians, spreading the Christian doctrine, thereby contributed to the spread of literacy and reading among a certain part of not only the monks, but also the population as a whole. Gradually, writing became an integral part of monastic life, where books and libraries occupied an important place. The decisive place in these processes was occupied by the librarians of the monastery libraries as the keepers of book collections and bearers of the spiritual and educational mission, book culture among the clergy and laity.

Abbreviations Introduction, Esther Cohen PART ONE. TRANSFORMATIONS: TEXT, SCRIPTURE, AND AUTHORITY IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 1. Reflections on Canonization and the Authority of the Written Word in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: By Way of Comment, Marco Mostert 2. Holy Scripture and the Transmission of Knowledge in Early Islam: The Inception of Arabic Linguistic Studies, Monique Bernards 3. Martin of Braga's De correctione rusticorum and its Uses in Frankish Gaul, Yitzhak Hen 4. Religious Instruction in the Frankish Kingdoms, Rob Meens 5. Exegesis for an Empress, Mayke de Jong 6. The Varying Roles of Biblical Testimonies in the Carolingian Image Controversies, Thomas F.X. Noble PART TWO. TRANSFORMATIONS: GIFTS, VIOLENCE, AND BRIBES, HIGH AND LATE MIDDLE AGES 7. The Medieval Gift as Agent of Social Bonding and Political Power: A Comparative Approach, Arnoud-Jan Bijsterveld 8. Gifts And Simony, Timothy Reuter 9. The Politics of Exchange: Gifts, Fiefs, and Feudalism, Stephen D. White 10. Presenting Respect in the Eleventh Century: Odo of Blaison and the Canons of St.-Lezin, Hendrik Teunis 11. From Peace to Power: The Study of Disputes in Medieval France, Stephen D. White 12. Accountancies and Arcana: Registering the Gift in Late Medieval Cities, Valentin Groebner 13. Pruning Peasants: Private War and Maintaining the Lords' Peace in Late Medieval Germany, Gadi Algazi Index

:<i>World Medievalism: The Middle Ages in Modern Textual Culture</i>

Træhuse fra Aalborg 1050-1600 – Planløsninger og indretninger

Part 1 Early Middle Ages: the origins of the nobility in Francia, Paul Fouracre the nearly men - Boso of Vienne and Arnulf of Bavaria, Stuart Airlie nobility in the 9th century, Janet L. Nelson continuity and change in the 10th-century nobility, Regine Le Jan the Old English vocabulary of nobility, Jane Roberts nobles and others - the social and cultural expression of power relations in the Middle Ages, Timothy Reuter. Part 2 Central Middle Ages: princely nobility in an age of ambition (circa 1050-1150), T.N. Bisson words, concepts, and phenomena - knighthood, lordship, and the early Polish nobility, circa 1100-1350, Piotr Gorecki nobles and nobility in the narrative works of Hartmann von Aue, Martin H. Jones a noble in politics - Roger Mortimer in the period of baronial reform and rebellion, 1258-1265, David Carpenter King Magnus and his liegemen's Hirdskra - a portrait of the Norwegian nobility in the 1270s, Steinar Imsen. Part 3 Late Middle Ages: the nobility of medieval Portugal (11-14th centuries), Maria Joao Violante Branco noblewomen, family, and identity in later medieval Europe, Jennifer C. Ward the Western nobility in the late Middle Ages - a survey of the historiography and some prospects for new research, Martin Aurell.