A Community Perspective on Changes in Health Related to Diarrhea in Northeastern Brazil

It Is Time We Start Asking: Handgun Carrying Among Youth in Rural Contexts

BACKGROUNDMortality rates in children with insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) in the UK are unknown and the causes of death not well documented.AIMTo determine the mortality rate and causes of death...

Cardiovascular Disease in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

Over the past 15 years, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a major cause of illness and death in young children. Each year approximately 7000 HIV-infected women give birth in the United States; 1000 to 2000 of their infants are infected with HIV.1 HIV infection is now the seventh leading cause of death in children one to four years of age in the United States.2 The World Health Organization estimates that over 1 million children are infected worldwide.3 These grim statistics emphasize the need for effective interventions to prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child.The success . . .

Quantifying the tuberculosis disease burden in children

To understand the causes of child deaths in order to implement appropriate child survival interventions in the country. We present a systematic review of studies reporting causes of child, infant, and neonatal deaths from India for 1985 to 2008. PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and WHO regional databases were searched along with a hand search and personal communication with researchers in child health to obtain studies and reports for the database. Study data was summarized and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. We identified 28 published/unpublished studies and reports (6 multi-centric and 22 single sites). There was one nation wide study and rest were from 15 unique sites in 9 different states of India. There were differences in study design and cause of death assignment methods between the studies, which made comparisons and synthesis difficult. The median percentage of causes of deaths in neonatal period were sepsis/pneumonia: 24.9% (Q1: 19.6% and Q3: 33.4%); asphyxia: 18.5% (Q1: 14.2% and Q3: 21.9%); and pre-maturity/LBW: 16.8% (Q1: 12.5% and Q3: 26.5%). Amongst the infants, sepsis/pneumonia, asphyxia, and prematurity/low birth weight (LBW) remain substantial causes of deaths. The median proportional contribution of neonatal deaths to total infant deaths was 48.5% (Q1: 36.5-Q3: 57.5%). The proportion of deaths due to infectious diseases like diarrhoea, pneumonia, and measles seem to be greater in infancy, in comparison to that in neonatal period. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportional contribution of neonatal deaths to total deaths occurring during infancy (<1 year) between the two equal periods before and after 1996 (p = 0.141). There also was no difference in the proportional contribution by cause of death assignment method (Verbal autopsy vs. other methods; p = 0.715) or by study setting (urban vs. rural; p = 0.175). The median percentage of neonatal deaths by day 1 is 36.7% (Range: 20.0-58.0%). The median cumulative percentage of neonatal deaths by day 3 was 49.7% (Range 35.0-64.6%), and 70.9% (Range: 46.5-92.3%) by day 7. In addition, the timing of deaths during neonatal period seems to be static during the last 2 decades, with majority of deaths occurring during first week of life. This review demonstrates the need for more studies with consistent methodological rigor investigating the causes of child death in India. We conclude that the structure of neonatal causes of death in India may be different from the rest of the world and that interventions to reduce neonatal deaths in first week of life may rapidly improve child survival in the country.

Understanding causes of death of children under 5: a multi-country analysis using verbal autopsy

Importance of tuberculosis control to address child survival

Causes of deaths in children younger than 5 years in China in 2008

A Community’s Response to Childhood Drownings: A Model for Accident Prevention

Objective:Accurate and timely information on the causes of child deaths is essential in guiding efforts to improve child survival, by providing data from which health profiles can be constructed and relevant health policies formulated. The purpose of this study was to identify causes of death in children younger than 5 years-old in a tertiary hospital in South Africa.Methods:Death certificates from the Pietersburg/Mankweng hospital complex, for the period of January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2010, were obtained for all patients younger than 5 years and were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected using a data collection form designed for the study. Information abstracted included: date of death, age, sex, and cause of death.Results:A total of 1266 deaths were recorded, the sex ratio was 1.26 boys per girl. About 611 (48%) of deaths were listed as neonatal deaths (0-28 days), 387 (31%) were listed as infant deaths (29 days-11 months), and 268 (21%) as children’s death (1-4 years). For neonates the leading causes of death were: prematurity/low birth weight, birth asphyxia and pneumonia. For the infant death group, the leading causes of death were pneumonia, diarrhea, and HIV/AIDS; and in the children’s group, the leading causes were injuries, diarrhea and pneumonia. There was no statistical significant difference in the proportions of causes of death based on the sex of children.Conclusion:The top 10 leading causes of death in children under-5 years old treated at Pietersburg/Mankweng Hospital Complex were in descending order: prematurity/low birth weight, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, birth asphyxia, and severe malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, hydrocephalus, unintentional injuries, meningitis and other infections. These ten conditions represent 73.9% of causes of death at this facility. A mix of multi-faceted interventions is needed to address these causes of death in children.

A system has been established to document births and deaths in children in a large, rural, West African population, using community reporters. Causes of death in children under the age of 5 years were investigated using post-mortem questionnaires completed by field assistants. There was a marked seasonal incidence of all major causes of death with peak rates in the rainy season. Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) were the most frequent cause of death in children under 5 years of age. Other major causes of death were malaria, acute gastro-enteritis and chronic diarrhoea with malnutrition. Mortality from all the major causes of death decreased with increasing village size. Our findings have implications for interventions against childhood mortality.

Cause-Specific Risks of Childhood Death in Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa

World-wide, drowning is one of the leading causes of death in children between 1 and 12 years of age, especially in low- and middle-income countries. To assess the community's perceptions of the common causes of death in children, the level of awareness of drowning as a major cause and the reasons for the high rate of drowning, and to discuss preventive measures. Five focus group discussions were conducted with representatives from five different categories of people in the community. The groups included health aides, extension workers and part-time community health workers in the peripheral health care team of the Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore and land owners/village leaders. The data were analysed using content analysis to detect themes and trends. Drowning was not perceived as a major cause of childhood death. Unprotected bodies of water was acknowledged as a reason for the high rate of drowning. The groups suggested some preventive measures including intensive education on the causes of drowning, the introduction of more balwadis (day nurseries) in the villages, and the identification of resources to protect open bodies of water. There is an urgent need among rural communities to create awareness of the high rate of drowning in children and to motivate and facilitate individuals, communities, organisations and government agencies to make the communities safer for children.

Acute Respiratory Infection is one of the main causes of death in children in developing countries. ISPA is a disease of the upper or lower respiratory tract that usually infects and can cause various diseases ranging from asymptomatic or mild to severe inflammation. Lethality depends on environmental factors and predisposing factors. Acute Respiratory Infection is still often a major health problem because it is the main cause of death and disease in the world. Upper respiratory tract infection is a cause of death and morbidity in infants and children in Indonesia. The types of antibiotics that are often consumed to treat acute respiratory infections are penicillins and cephalosporins, such as amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime. The method used for this dedication is the open and community training method or the online lecture method. The purpose of this community service is to provide information about the use of antibiotics to ARI patients at Grandmed Hospital. The activity was carried out in the form of online discussions via zoom with several patients and people who suffer from ISPA. The results obtained in this study were more male patients with ISPA than women. This condition is associated with high physical activity in boys and can quickly worsen physical conditions, including the immune system. In this study, patients were given a questionnaire to ensure that the information conveyed by the presenting team was properly conveyed and understood. In this activity, patients must understand the evaluation of the use of antibiotics in ARI so that in the future patients who suffer from it will get clear information.