Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a combination extract of Gardeniae Fructus and Perillae Folium (GP) on inflammatory reactions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 cells. Multiplex cytokine assay, Fluo-4 calcium assay, Flow cytometry assay for phospho-P38 MAPK, and quantitative PCR were carried out. GP significantly reduced LPS-induced productions of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG) and release of intracellular calcium in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. GP also significantly inhibited P38 MAPK phosphorylation and mRNA levels of Chop, Camk2a, Stat1, Stat3, Jak2, Fas, Nos2, and Ptgs2 in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, this study represents that GP exerts anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells via ER stress-induced CHOP pathway.
Highlights
Processes 2021, 9, 1632. https://Inflammatory reactions are one of the most important immune responses that protect our body from infection by pathogens [1]
It is well known that LPS stimulation makes macrophages produce various proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and prostaglandins
Interleukins (ILs) are well known to be a type of cytokine with immunoregulatory functions and key signaling molecules which are mainly expressed by leukocytes, including macrophages
Summary
Inflammatory reactions are one of the most important immune responses that protect our body from infection by pathogens [1]. Fungi, viruses, etc., cause inflammation through immune responses. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), known as endotoxins, are released by Gram-negative bacteria, which cause endotoxemia if not properly removed [2]. Macrophages are one of the main immune cells for immune function, and are responsible for innate immunity [3]. It is well known that LPS stimulation makes macrophages produce various proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and prostaglandins. Interleukins (ILs) are well known to be a type of cytokine with immunoregulatory functions and key signaling molecules which are mainly expressed by leukocytes, including macrophages. MRNA expressions of inflammatory genes such as Nos and Ptgs are increased in LPSactivated macrophages via P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) activation [4]
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