A closer look at construct validity: Methodological pitfalls in the Turkish adaptation of the perceived disability scale.

A validation study of the Acute Low Back Pain Screening Questionnaire Dutch Language Version (ALBPSQ-DLV). To determine internal consistency, construct and convergent validity of the ALBPSQ-DLV in a population of patients with (sub) acute low back pain (LBP) referred to primary care physical therapy in The Netherlands. Viewing LBP as a multifactorial biopsychosocial syndrome enhances the need for validating instruments for screening psychosocial variables in patients with LBP. The ALBPSQ has been specifically constructed as a self-administered screening instrument, based on variables that have been suggested as a risk factor in the literature. A total of 69 patients with (sub) acute LBP were recruited. Internal consistency of the ALBPSQ-DLV was determined by calculating Cronbach alpha. Construct validity was determined by applying exploratory factor analysis. Convergent validity was assessed by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficients between domains of ALBPSQ-DLV and Dutch language versions of the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Pain Coping Inventory, Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale, and the Visual Analogue Scale of pain intensity. Internal consistency of the ALBPSQ-DLV was 0.81. Values of the various subscales ranged between 0.48 and 0.88. Convergent validity was confirmed by moderate to good correlation coefficients (P = 0.01) between the scores on the subscales and the constructs of pain, disability, fear-avoidance beliefs, kinesiophobia, and coping (r = 0.38-0.64). Exploratory factor analysis, suppressing absolute values less than 0.40, revealed components which were in agreement with the various domains of the original ALBPSQ. The internal consistency and both construct and convergent validity of the ALBPSQ-DLV are well established in a Dutch population of 69 patients with (sub) acute nonspecific LBP referred to primary care physical therapy.

A valid cross-culturally adapted simplified Chinese version of the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale

Objective:To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the US Adult Food Security Survey Module (AFSSM).Design:A cross-sectional study collected data from 117 university students. The AFSSM questionnaire was completed by all participants. Psychometric evaluation for scale, content, construct, and convergent validity and reliability of the scale was tested. The construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on data collected from university students. Cronbach’s α (internal consistency) and composite reliability were used to assess the reliability (P < 0·05).Setting:Students were recruited from the university.Participants:This research was conducted with volunteer university students with a mean age of 22·74 ± 4·19 years.Results:Three factors were extracted from eight items through EFA: (1) inadequate nutrition, (2) economic concern and (3) hunger. These factors accounted for 77·4 % of the total variance, and factor loadings ranged from 0·755 to 0·953. Cronbach’s α was 0·769. The results of the CFA suggested the fit indices were acceptable (χ2/sd = 0·235, root mean error of approximation: 0·034, goodness-of-fit index: 0·994, comparative fit index: 0·992 and normed fit index: 0·986).Conclusions:This is the first study that validates and reports the Turkish version of AFSSM in university students, and the results of our study show that the Turkish AFSSM is a valid and reliable tool for determining food security in university students. AFSSM can be used by researchers to examine the food security of university students.

Bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) are both prevalent health problems in pediatric population. The CBBDQ is a parent-reported tool to evaluate and quantitatively assess bladder and bowel dysfunction symptoms in pediatric patients. This study was designed for the translation the CBBDQ into Turkish and the cultural adaptation of CBBDQ for the use among 5-12-year-old children. Moreover, another aim of this study was that the determination of the reliability and construct validity of the Turkish version. The main hypothesis of our study was that the translation and cultural adaptation of the CBBDQ into Turkish language, so that Turkish parents could understand it. Additionally, we estimated that the Turkish version would have eventual internal consistency and test-retest reliability and admissible construct validity. The CBBDQ was guideline driven translated into Turkish language and administered two times to the parents of children with one week interval to assess test-retest reliability. The internal consistency was determined by using Cronbach's α value and the test-retest reliability was calculated by using the inter-rater correlation coefficient. For the estimation of construct validity, the Dysfunctional Voiding and Incontinence Scoring System (DVISS) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) in 5-7, 8-12 years old children were used as the external criterias. The participants were parents of 5-12-year-old children. The internal consistency was 0.83 that was the Cronbach's α value which reflects a good result. The Turkish-CBBDQ5-12y and the DVISS showed a satisfactory level correlation (r=0.64 P<0.001). There was not any correlation between the Turkish-CBBDQ5-12y and the PedsQL-General Health and PedsQL-Psychological Health (r=-0.17, P=0.1 and r:0.12 P=0.25, respectively). The Turkish-CBBDQ5-12y version is a reliable and valid instrument in terms of the content and construction and can be confidently used in clinical practice.

The aim of this study was to conduct the cross-cultural adaptation of Neck Disability Index (NDI) and investigate the validity and reliability of Turkish version in patients with neck pain. The NDI is a reliable evaluation instrument for disability but there are no published Turkish version. Eighty-eight patients with neck pain for at least 3 months were included in the study. NDI, The Neck Pain and Disability Scale and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were completed by all subjects. Test-retest reliability was determined by using intraclass correlation coefficient and Pearson's correlation analysis. For the determination of concurrent validity, the relation between NDI and VAS was examined by Pearson's correlation analysis and for the determination of construct validity, the relation between NDI and Neck Pain and Disability Scale was investigated. Intraclass correlation coefficient score for test-retest reliability was 0.979 (95%, confidence interval = 0.968-0.986). For concurrent validity, the relation between NDI and VAS was investigated, the r value for test and retest was 0.508 and 0.620, respectively (P < 0.0001). For construct validity, the relation between NDI and the Turkish version of NPDA was investigated, the r value for test and retest was 0.659 (P < 0.0001) and 0.728 (P < 0.0001), respectively. The Turkish version of NDI was found to be a valid and reliable method of measurement for evaluating disability, caused by problems of the neck region as it is easy to comprehend by the patients and the time needed to apply is short in clinics.

The cultural adaptation of Neck Disability Index (NDI), the validity and reliability of Turkish version. The aim of this study was to conduct a study concerning the cultural adaptation of NDI and investigate the validity and reliability of its Turkish version in patients with neck pain. The NDI is a reliable evaluation instrument for disability but there is no published Turkish version. Eighty-eight patients with neck pain for at least 3 months were included in the study. NDI, The Neck Pain and Disability Scale, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were completed by all subjects. Test-retest reliability was determined by using intraclass correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation analysis. For the determination of concurrent validity, the relation between NDI and VAS was examined by Pearson correlation analysis and for the determination of construct validity, the relation between NDI and Neck Pain and Disability Scale was investigated. Intraclass correlation coefficient score for test-retest reliability was 0.979 (95% confidence interval = 0.968-0.986). For concurrent validity, the relation between NDI and VAS was investigated, the r value for test and retest was 0.508 and 0.620, respectively (P < 0.0001). For construct validity, the relation between NDI and the Turkish version of Neck Pain and Disability Scale was investigated, the r value for test and retest was 0.659 (P < 0.0001) and 0.728 (P < 0.0001), respectively. The results suggest that the Turkish version of the NDI validated in this study is an easy to understand, reliable, and valid instrument for the measurement of the limitation of activities of daily living and pain caused by neck disorders in the Turkish-speaking population.

ABSTRACTBackground: Smoking-related health beliefs regarding osteoporosis may be of use to health professionals in helping those at risk of osteoporosis or those with osteoporosis to reduce or stop smoking. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Osteoporosis Smoking Health Belief Scale (OSHBS). Design and methods: The methodological study sample consisted of 168 people. Cronbach alpha, Spearman–Brown, Guttman split-half method, item-total subscale correlation, and base and ceiling effects were used for reliability analysis. Validity was examined using content validity, construct validity, and contrasted group comparison. Construct validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: EFA revealed that three factors accounted for 67.36% of the explained variance. CFA validity testing supported the three-factor structure and the construct validity. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were 0.91 for the benefit subscale, 0.87 for the barrier subscale, and 0.91 for self-efficacy. Conclusion: The scale was found to be a reliable and valid tool for determining the health beliefs of Turkish people concerning smoking in relation to osteoporosis. Health professionals can use the Turkish version of the OSHBS for research and evaluation of the health beliefs of Turkish people concerning smoking in relation to osteoporosis.

The Patient Health Engagement Scale was designed to assess the emotional and psychological attitudes of patients' engagement along their healthcare management journey. This study aimed to conduct psychometric testing of the Turkish version of the Patient Health Engagement Scale among patients with chronic diseases. A cross-sectional validation study was conducted and reported according to the STROBE checklist. There were 520 patients who completed the scale between March 2017 and February 2018. The content, construct and concurrent validity were evaluated. The reliability of the scale was measured using internal consistency and construct reliability. Construct validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The scale's validity was enabled by the translation and back translation method. The content validity index of the scale was 0.88. Construct validity determined one factor. The total variance was calculated at 85.29%. The factor loads ranged between 0.86 and 0.95. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed goodness-of-fit indices in the excellent range according to the literature. The reliability of the scale was calculated at 0.95. The scale was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool to be used in identifying the engagement with health levels of patients with chronic diseases.

Adolescents might experience difficulties in compliance to diabetes management and their quality of life might be adversely affected. No specific quality of life scale is available in Turkey for adolescents aged 13–18 years with diabetes. The aim of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the PedsQLTM 3.0 Diabetes Module (PedsQLTM 3.0 DM) Teen and Parent Reports (Ages 13–18) in Turkish adolescents with type 1 diabetes. One hundred and four adolescents aged 13–18 years with type 1 diabetes and their parents who presented at a diabetes center participated in this study. Content, construct, and concurrent validities, internal consistency reliability and item-total correlations were analyzed in order to determine the psychometric properties of the scales. Construct validity was evaluated with explanatory factor analysis. The factor structure of the Turkish version PedsQLTM diabetes module consisted of four subscales and did not support the original five-factor structure. Concurrent validity was analysed with Spearman Correlation and a positive significant correlation was found between PedsQLTM 3.0 DM and PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales. Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.92 for child self-reports (CSR) and 0.88 for parent proxy-report (PPR) of PedsQLTM 3.0 DM. The psychometric analyses of the Turkish version of PedsQLTM 3.0 DM Teen and Parent Reports indicate high reliability and good content and construct validity for measuring diabetes-specific health related quality of life in Turkish adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

The study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised Form, developed to measure athletes’ attitudes toward seeking sport psychology consultation. A total of 228 athletes (M age =17.74 ± 3.57) consisting of 114 males and 114 females participated in the study. A personal information form, SPA-R, and the Attitudes Towards Seeking Psychological Help Scale Short Form were used as data collection tool. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed for the scale’s construct validity. Average variance extracted, maximum squared variance, average shared squared variance, composite reliability, and Pearson correlation values were calculated for convergent and discriminant validity. A t-test was used to check known-groups validity. Cronbach’s alpha, CR, and intraclass correlation values were calculated for reliability. DFA showed that the model fit index values of the TurkishSport Psychology Attitudes-Revised Form were at an acceptable level (χ2 /df = 1.80, CFI=.90, RMSEA=.058, SRMR=.07). According to the results conducted for convergent and discriminant validity, significant relationships were found between Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised Form and an existing valid and reliable measurement tool. Average variance extracted, maximum squared variance, average shared squared variance, composite reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were also within the acceptable limits. The analysis of known-groups validity revealed significant differences between the groups. Additionally, test–retest reliability ranged from .45 to .62. Considering all the findings, the Turkish version of Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised Form demonstrates construct, convergent, discriminant, and known-group validities, along with reliability. Consequently, we can conclude that the Turkish version of can be used to assess athletes’ attitudes toward seeking sports psychology concultation.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of Turkish version of Questionnaire for Physical Therapy Students’ Attitude toward Their Profession and Education (Q-PTSAPE). Methods: Included in this study were 488 physical therapy students. The content, construct, and known-groups validities were assessed and the cut-off value was calculated. The construct validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated for the reliability of the questionnaire. Results: The content validity index was obtained as 0.97. The construct validity was acceptable (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation=0.061, Comparative Fit Index=0.905, Tucker-Lewis Index=0.892, Goodness of Fit Index=0.887, Normed Fit Index=0.860). Individuals with a Q-PTSAPETurkish score of ≥83.5 have a positive attitude towards their profession and education (p=0.001). Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was excellent (0.90). ICC values of the questionnaire and its subdivisions were from medium to high (0.521-0.782). Conclusion: Q-PTSAPE-Turkish was valid and reliable in determining the attitudes of physiotherapy students towards the profession and vocational education.

FRI0588-HPR Validation of the Italian Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire: Construct Validity, Responsiveness and Interpretability

Repeated-measurement design. To explore interobserver reliability of the modified physical dysfunction severity (mPDS) as a measure for impairment of the cervical spine and the modified cervical nonorganic signs (mcNOS) as a measure for behavioral signs, and to explore construct validity of the mPDS and mcNOS. The PDS has been used for evaluation of treatment efficacy in controlled trials in primary care. The cervical nonorganic signs were developed to assess illness behavior in patients with neck pain. Two observers independently assessed the mPDS and mcNOS in 51 patients with chronic neck pain in an outpatient tertiary rehabilitation setting, with a 3-week interval between assessments. Interobserver reliability for total scores of the mPDS and mcNOS was expressed as an intraclass correlation coefficient. Interobserver agreement for individual mcNOS tests was calculated as absolute agreement and Cohen kappa. Construct validity was expressed as Spearman correlation between the mPDS and mcNOS with the Neck Pain and Disability Scale and numeric pain rating scale for pain. The interobserver reliability of the mPDS and mcNOS had intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.72 and 0.78, respectively. Agreement for individual mcNOS tests ranged from 63% to 88%, and kappa values ranged from 0.14 to 0.54. Correlation with the Neck Pain and Disability Scale was 0.26 for the mPDS and 0.49 for the mcNOS, and the correlation with the numeric pain rating scale was 0.32 for the mPDS and 0.37 for the mcNOS. Interobserver reliability of both the mPDS and mcNOS was acceptable. The interobserver agreement for the individual mcNOS tests ranged from poor to acceptable. Construct validity of the mPDS and mcNOS appeared satisfactory.

This research established test-retest reliability and construct validity for the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD). Two groups of patients with neck pain completed the NPAD. The first group filled out the scale twice before treatment, whereas the second completed it with a number of other outcome measures once a month for 4 months, for evaluation of treatment with injections. The reliability coefficient (r2 = 0.93) calculated from the data for the first group of patients indicated high test-retest reliability. Construct validity was demonstrated with the second group when the NPAD was compared with a number of other pain measures and found to have a larger treatment effect. The Neck Pain and Disability Scale factor scores also indicated that treatment effects varied across the four factors. The NPAD is a stable and responsive measure for patients with neck pain. The Neck Pain and Disability Scale factor scores are useful in identifying treatment effects on the specific dimensions involved in the pain experience.

Validation of a self-report questionnaire, Functional Rating Index (FRI). To evaluate the psychometric properties of the simplified Chinese (SC) version of FRI in patients with nonspecific neck pain (NP). FRI has been cross-culturally validated in few languages with excellent reliability, validity, and clinical utility when it is applied in patients with low back pain. Recently, it has been pointed out that FRI can be employed to assess patients with NP. However, FRI has not been validated in patients with NP in China. The cross-culturally adapted 10-item SC-FRI was completed by 122 patients with nonspecific NP, along with the Neck Disability Index, Neck Pain and Disability Scale, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, and Pain Visual Analogue Scale. Psychometric evaluation included score distribution, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. SC-FRI attained a high completion rate (96.9%). Each item was scored with a normal distribution without any floor and ceiling effects. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were good to excellent (Cronbach α coefficient = 0.86; intraclass r = 0.97). Construct validity was confirmed by a strong correlation with Neck Disability Index, Neck Pain and Disability Scale, and Visual Analogue Scale (r = 0.77, 0.78, and 0.86, respectively, all P < 0.0001), and with the physical functioning and bodily pain domains (r = -0.69 and -0.66, respectively, both P < 0.0001), and by a weak correlation with the vitality, role-emotional, and mental health domains of 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. SC-FRI showed satisfactory clinical utility, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity in Chinese-speaking patients with nonspecific NP. 3.