A CLEAN Way for Sustainable Solid Waste Management System for Singapore

Issues Solid waste management is one of the biggest concerns in Bangladesh, particularly in Dhaka city at present. This paper aims to find the gaps and challenges in solid waste management policies and implementations and thus, gives an insight towards sustainable solid waste management system in the country. Description of the Problem Improper solid waste management is adversely impacting environmental protection, public health and the control of carbon emissions in Bangladesh. As a result solid waste has become a major area of public policy with growing concern. Lessons Bangladesh has been experiencing changes in solid waste management since 1983 with the introduction of Dhaka City Corporation Ordinance and later the promulgation of National 3R Policy in 2010. With few exceptions, the overall waste management system cannot be termed as an efficient sequential process of waste minimization, recycling, and disposal based on global standards. Many initiatives are being implemented as part of independent projects by the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and not always supported by policies. Though the establishment of several secondary transfer stations (STSs) has improved the environmental conditions and cleanliness of the cities, the waste segregation and recycling practices in the pathways from households to landfill do not adhere to the 3R Policy. Both the recyclable and non-recyclable waste are collected and dumped all together at different levels of waste management, i.e. collection from households, dumping at STSs, and later in the landfill without any formal procedures of sorting and recycling. Lack of coordination between implementing agencies is another problem. Conclusions Absence of sustainable solid waste management policy and proper execution agency are the main obstacles towards a proper waste management system. This problem is huge and should be addressed immediately to protect the environment and ensure better health of the city population. Key messages Even though the formation of STSs is one of the significant changes in the system nowadays, it is not evaluated or monitored under any specific policy or ordinance. In order to implement the existing policies, adequate funding and monitoring bodies should be introduced to the waste management sector.

This study focuses on developing a sustainable solid waste management system at Pondok institution using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Besides that, the types of solid waste generated were determined. Three alternatives were underlined, which are composting, recycling, and both composting and recycling. This research utilised the convenience sampling method, where a constructive questionnaire was used as a research instrument. An online questionnaire with detailed descriptions was distributed to two (2) Pondok institutions in Kelantan. After that, empirical research using the AHP method was carried out to find the priority weights of alternatives to develop a sustainable solid waste management system in Pondok institution. There are two significant findings in this research. This research revealed the types of solid waste generated by Pondok institutions that are food waste/farm waste, plastics, papers, metal and aluminium tin, and glass. The highest types of solid waste generated are organic waste, and the least is glass. Besides that, this research discovered the most appropriate sustainable solid waste management system alternative to be implemented in Pondok institutions, which is composting and recycling. Developing a sustainable solid waste management system will reduce excessive solid waste generation, reduce space for dumping sites, and overcome environmental problems.

Life Cycle Inventory Tools: Supporting the Development of Sustainable Solid Waste Management Systems

South Africa has a variety of regulations on the provision of solid waste management services in municipalities because of the apartheid legacy. Nonetheless, discrepancies in waste management services persist despite new laws, legislative reforms and strategies. Those who live in marginalized and impoverished communities are the most susceptible and severely affected by improper waste management. This demonstrates a lack of integrated and sustainable waste management systems. This study aims to recommend a sustainable solid waste management system in Engcobo Local Municipality. Data was gathered through focus group discussions, documents, and semi structured interviews. Findings revealed that there has been improvements in the sustainable management of solid waste. The municipality is experimenting with novel approaches to deal with the problem of solid waste, particularly in remote locations where people’s trash is difficult to pick up and collect. Through the focus group discussions, it was shown that some participants still need more information on waste management, there is a need for thorough educational initiatives on sanitation management, not particularly wastewater and sanitation.

Waste management in low-income countries faces challenges with an average cost of $35/ton approximately 51% collection efficiency. Despite investments in treatment, processing, and recycling, the system remains unsustainable owing to poor planning and policies. The current analysis of Lahore's solid waste management (SWM) system, selected as a major city of a low-income country as a case study, focuses on collection efficiency and waste generation. However, it neglects the complex and dynamic nature of SWM systems. To capture the complexities and dynamic nature of the SWM system, system dynamic (SD) modeling is proposed for its effectiveness in modeling complex and dynamic systems. Unlike previous attempts at SD modeling that mostly consider only some components of the SWM system with varying success, this study attempts to use a holistic approach by considering all aspects of an integrated SWM system. In addition, this study explores different financial and management policies, highlighting the weaknesses of the system through a quantitative comparison of three scenarios: (1) business-as-usual (BAU) which considers the current trends in waste generation and practices of collection and disposal to landfill, (2) waste treatment system (WTS) in which various waste treatment systems are included to reduce burden on landfill, and (3) introduction of user fee with awareness campaigns (UFAC) which encourages community participation towards reduction in waste generation and financially supports the SWM. All three scenarios use four indices: waste generation, waste ending up in landfill, uncollected waste, and annual budget deficit as performance indices. These scenarios were simulated over a 25-year period using an SD model, covering all six components of the SWM system. The BAU scenario shows a 16% increase in waste generation, a 173% increase in landfill waste, an 11% reduction in uncollected waste, and a 64% increase in the budget deficit over the simulation period, indicating an unsustainable SWM system. The WTS scenario exhibits a 16% increase in waste generation, a 155% increase in landfill waste, an 11% reduction in uncollected waste, and a 61% increase in the budget deficit, showing a significant reduction in landfill waste and a slight reduction in deficit but it remains unsustainable. The UFAC scenario, however, results in a 40% reduction in waste generation, a 67% decrease in uncollected waste, an 8% decrease in landfill waste, and a 59% decrease in the budget deficit. These results demonstrate that instituting user fees for SWM services and incentivizing community participation towards waste reduction and segregation can make the SWM system of Lahore sustainable. This SD model provides insights for policymakers, aiding what-if analyses and long/short-term waste management plans for metropolitan cities in low-income countries. To validate the sustainability judgments based on performance indices, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tool commonly used for ranking policy decisions based on competing criteria, was employed. It considered the same four criteria as in the SD model. The results of the AHP analysis aligned with those of the SD model, ranking the UFAC scenario as the most sustainable option.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management represents a major expenditure for third world countries, and could be very challenging as it results in environmental impacts including pollution of water resources. The major expenditure of the municipal solid waste management is attributed to overlooking revenues generated from waste. Due to the uncertainties of data, the value of the recyclables is overlooked. Therefore, a key in the development of an effective and sustainable waste management system is having reliable information and a clear characterisation of the municipal waste generated from the community being studied. Hence, this paper presents a waste audit to characterise household waste and more importantly estimate revenues generated from recyclables. The focus was on household waste generated from high income districts. The study found that there was a surplus resulting from the difference between the revenue of recyclables and the cost of its management. This surplus could be used to fund the deficit in waste management system in other lower income districts.

From public to private solid waste management: Stakeholders’ perspectives on private-public solid waste management in Lobatse, Botswana

Solid waste management is a multifaceted task that incorporates a diverse set of shareholders and operations. To create a sustainable solid waste management system, governments should select the most advantageous organisational structure, given a country's current setting; contextualising the sector's administrative structure in accordance with a nation's organisational constraints. This research aimed to determine the recommended level of administrative and financial decentralisation for each solid waste management operation and explore the susceptibilities and prospects of each level of governance in Lebanon. Primary data was gathered from environmental experts and concerned organisations using a semi-structured in-depth interview. Results revealed that the optimal model for solid waste management in the case of Lebanon incurs devolving collection, which would assimilate local populations into the decision-making process and reduce opposition towards devised solid waste management plans. Delegation and the construction of centralised treatment facilities is recommended as it incentivises municipal cooperation and permits the installation of methodologies and technologies that reflect the limitations, public attitudes, and waste dynamics of each distinct geographical territory. Deconcentrating disposal would limit the number of landfills constructed and facilitate monitoring. Administrative and constitutional reformations that clearly define the roles and responsibilities of public agencies would reduce the influence of the central authority on peripheral states. The establishment of municipal cooperation models would diminish regional economic disparities by enhancing the level of communication and collaboration between subnational bodies. The performance of decentralised strategies should be continuously monitored to ensure that local administrators are held accountable.

The effective solid waste management in a developing country like India has become an essential concern of the society. Municipality and corporation have framed many policies and municipal solid waste rules for a sustainable solid waste management, but the increase in population and urbanization leads to many challenges in implementing an effective system. Disposal of waste is an important action in solid waste management but due to many flaws in system the centralized disposal of waste is not effective. In this research the site selection for decentralized processing unit zone wise is done using GIS and weighted overlay analysis. The weighted overlay analysis is done by using thematic layers like land use land cover, geomorphology, geology, soil, lineaments, ground water depth, distance from water bodies, distance from railway track, drainage density, road density ,distance from roads are used as inventory maps to arrive the suitable area to carry out decentralized solid waste management. The results revealed the suitable area in sqkm under five classifications as highly suitable, high to moderately suitable, moderately suitable, poorly suitable and not suitable.
 Keywords: site suitability, south zone, Coimbatore decentralized waste management, weighted overlay analysis.

The general hospital is one of the health services needed by the community. Apart from positively impacting health, general hospitals also harm medical waste generated from operating activities as health service providers. Medical waste contains various viruses and bacteria that can endanger the health and pollute the environment if not managed properly. One of the hazardous medical wastes is general hospital solid medical waste. Solid medical waste in Indonesia is recorded to increase every year. Many general hospitals do not yet have a sustainable solid medical waste management system in medical waste management. The management process starts from the preparation stage, such as sorting, storing, processing, and reporting, which are still done separated. Separated process can make it difficult to monitor solid medical waste that follows sustainable standards that do not harm the environment. This study will develop a solid medical waste management module based on the Odoo Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system with the QuickStart method. This system can integrate data and information from each division responsible for the waste management process. The system will simplify the preparation process for management, monitoring processing following Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for sustainable waste management, such as whether the waste can be reused, recycled, energy consumed, and indicators for waste processing machines according to sustainable standards and government regulations. In the last stage, waste management can be reported automatically by the system, making it easier to analyze the results of solid medical waste management results and assist in decision-making.

Solid waste, which is a consequence of day-to-day activity of human kind, needs to be managed properly. Due to rapid increase in urbanization and population, the generation rate of municipal solid waste in Halaba town is also increasing due to which the town is facing several difficulties in providing proper solid waste management services to its population. Accordingly, the objective of this particular study was to assess the existing solid waste management practices and challenges in Halaba town in southern Ethiopia. Questionnaire, interview, field measurement and field observation were the instrument employed to collect valid data. Data was gathered from 150 randomly selected sampled households using open ended and close ended questionnaire and from purposely selected key informants using semi structured interview. Based on the findings of this study, the households’ solid waste generation rate is 0.271kg/person/day. The result showed that waste composition in the study area was dominated by a high organic content; food waste and vegetable peelings (43.18%) followed by ash and dust (35.81%) leaves, wood scarp, paper and cardboard (11.88%) and metal, glass, ceramics, plastics and textiles (8.52%). The study revealed that only 18% of the household’s solid waste was collected by municipality. As a result of this, huge amounts of uncollected solid wastes are indiscriminately disposed in unauthorized areas. Finally, the study indicated the weak financial status of the municipality to provide adequate solid waste management services along with low awareness of the community were the series problem that challenges the practice of solid waste management system in Halaba town. Therefore, adoption of sustainable solid waste management systems (reuse, recycle and composting) through awareness creation campaign to enable the people aware of the importance of safe solid waste disposal for their environment and health should be encouraged. Keywords: Household, Key informants, Solid waste generation rate, Solid waste management DOI : 10.7176/JEES/9-9-03 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Solid waste management in Sri Lanka is a curial issue but it has been abridged by improvements in waste collection system and awareness programs. As the country’s population is increasing, the waste generation is also increasing. Hence, formulation of a sustainable solid waste management system has become crucial. More than 60 % of the solid waste generated is organic in nature. The prevailing MSW treatment and disposal methods are open dumping, landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion and incineration. In terms with 3R, there are 2 notable programs that are National Post-consumer Plastic Waste Management Program and “Pilisaru” Waste Management Program. The national government is taking steps at policy level to tackle the problem of waste management in Sri Lanka and it also collaborated with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) and United States Agency for International Development–United States-Asia Environmental Partnership (USAID–USAEP) to improve the situation in the country. Although the policy documentation has no inference to waste to energy (WTE) projects, particularly with landfill bioreactors and Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) with a view to developing Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) approaches, but ISWM is believed to be the right of way forward for sustainable solid waste management systems in the country.

Introduction: Health care generates biomedical waste that present risks to humans and the environment if poorly managed. The objective of this study was to assess the management practices of solid biomedical waste in southern Benin. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in six health facilities. The study included 12 administrative agents selected by reasoned choice and 431 health care agents selected by convenience. The data were collected by questionnaire, interview, and observation. They concerned variables related to the production, the practice of managing, knowledge of the impact of solid biomedical waste on the environment and health, training and protection of personnel. Data analysis was done with R 4.5.0 software. Quantitative variables were described by median and interquartile range. Proportions were compared with the chi-square test or that of Fisher at the threshold of 0.05. Results: The health facilities did not have solid biomedical waste management database. Sorting was not systematic in 59.5 %. Final storage locations did not meet standards. Almost one in four health workers (24.4 %) were injured by biomedical waste. Overall, 45.8 % of the staff had been trained at least once on biomedical waste management. 61 % of the staff surveyed were vaccinated, hepatitis B (41.3 %), tetanus (32.9 %). Conclusion: In view of the results, it is necessary to ensure the on ongoing awareness and training of medical staff in the sorting and packaging of biomedical waste and to set up an efficient and sustainable solid biomedical waste management system with effective monitoring mechanisms.

At present, there are many environmental, economic and social problems associated with poor municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Thailand. The development of sustainable solid waste management systems is a crucial aspect and should be based on an integrated approach. Therefore, an integrated system was designed for Nonthaburi Municipality incorporating recycling, anaerobic digestion, incineration and landfill technologies. In order to assess sustainability, a clear methodology was developed via life cycle thinking and a set of endpoint composite indicators has been proposed considering the most critical ultimate damages/effects of MSW management on the environment, the economy and society. The results showed that the appropriate integration of technologies offers important prospects with regards to socio-economic and environmental aspects, contributing, therefore, to improved sustainability for the overall MSW management system. The methodology and the proposed indicators would be useful in strategic planning, including decision- and policy-making with respect to the development of appropriate sustainable MSW management systems.

Solid waste management is a major environmental and public health concern in many urban areas of developing countries. Kisumu like many urban areas of developing countries is grappling with increasing waste generation, an overflowing dumpsite and pollution from uncontrolled discarding of waste. Sustainable solid waste management has remained elusive in the City due to lack of adequate funding and skilled personnel besides poor public attitude towards waste management. Efforts abound to improve the situation but significant progress is hindered by the difficulties in relocating Kachok dumpsite. Recommendations are made for a sustainable solid waste management system supported by a suitably relocated Kachok dumpsite.