A Classification of Shedding Methods

"Induction Motors (IM’s) are increasingly being considered for and used in high-performance motor drive (HPMD) systems. Their application has only gained acceptance since the 1970’s with the advent of vector control, microprocessors and improvements in power converter technology. D.C. motors were traditionally the preferred choice in HPMD systems. The main reasons for IM acceptance in HPMD systems are ruggedness, durability, low maintenance, cost, and small size by comparison with D.C. motors. Alternating current asynchronous motors of the IM type are considered to be the universal workhorses of the manufacturing industry. It has been estimated that they are used in seventy to eighty per cent of all industrial drive applications, although the majority are in fixed speed applications such as pump or fan-drives. This thesis initially examines the relative advantages and disadvantages of the D.C. and IM motors. The main disadvantage of the asynchronous squirrel-cage IM is its control complexities in ASD applications and its non-linear operation, which can be overcome through low cost effective DSP solutions. In general, the control of IM’s in HPMD systems can be classified into two distinct categories. The first of these is a traditional approach and is referred to as scalar control. Scalar control represents a means of obtaining speed control, and in the squirrel-cage IM this is achieved using both variable voltage/fixed frequency and variable frequency/fixed voltage supplies. For one such application of scalar control the constant volts per hertz (V/f) scheme is examined. Although a scalar controlled IM drive provides good speed control it does not provide a precise torque control capability with flux stabilisation. This was ascertained through simulation exercises of a scalar controlled IM drive in this thesis. In order to achieve the performance required by servo applications, IM’s have to be controlled using vector controllers. The key features that differentiate between scalar and vector controllers are: • Vector Control is designed to operate with a standard a.c., squirrel-cage asynchronous IM of known characteristics. If the characteristics of the IM are not known precisely then the vector control scheme can become totally inoperative. In many cases a Kalman observer is used for IM parameter estimation. • A vector controller and its associated IM form an integrated drive; the drive controller and the motor have to be matched to achieve satisfactory performance. • The vector controlled IM supplied currents are controlled both in magnitude and phase in real-time, in response to the demand and to external disturbances. To examine the difficulties associated with the constant volts per hertz (V/f) scalar control technique a comprehensive study of the rotor flux-oriented vector control technique has been considered in this thesis.. Such a technique that relies heavily on the Parks transformation of the three-phase stator currents from the a-p stationary reference frame (s) to a special x-y reference frame for two-axis vector control is presented in this thesis. This transformation enables the asynchronous squirrel-cage IM to achieve a level of performance the same as that of a D.C. motor, in terms of precise torque control with flux stabilisation, but without the disadvantages associated with D.C. motor usage. Numerous IM drive simulations have been undertaken for a variety of load torque conditions to illustrate the essential differences between scalar and vector control. With precise torque control, high-performance applications such as industrial machine tools, spindle drives, and cutters can be implemented by employing a two- axis controlled IM drive. To implement the rotor flux-oriented control technique particular attention is drawn to the development of a high-performance space vector pulse-width modulated (SV-PWM) voltage source inverter (VSI)- fed IM drive in the Matlab/Simulink software environment, that incorporates a mathematical model of a practical 2 kW IM and thereafter develop the rotor field-oriented control technique for such a drive. The SV-PWM technique is employed over the conventional sine-triangle PWM type since it is geared towards a digital implementation, and consequently allows the vector controlled IM drive to be used in a real-time application. It also provides a fifteen-percent increase in dc-link voltage utilisation compared with sine- triangle PWM technique."

The application of state-of-the-art in deep learning detection algorithms, such as You Only Look Once (YOLO) and Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD), presents a significant opportunity for enhancing crime prevention and control strategies. This research focuses on leveraging the SSD algorithm to detect common crime weapons on individuals in both pre-crime video scenes and real-world crime scenarios. By thoroughly understanding the operational principles of the SSD algorithm, we adapted it for the identification of dangerous weapons commonly associated with violent crimes. Our detection model, which targets both weapons and individuals, establishes a robust foundation for an artificial intelligence (AI) system that accurately predicts individuals at high risk. The model first identifies the presence of a person and subsequently checks for any of the specified weapons. If a weapon is detected, the system further analyzes the individual's movement and speed within the frame of reference. Should the individual exceed a predetermined movement threshold, the system flags them as high risk.For this study, the SSD model utilized a VGG16 backbone and was trained on a dataset comprising 3,317 images, featuring four distinct weapon categories: handgun, shotgun, rifle, and knife. Thedataset was collected from UCF, via Kaggle and complimented with additional weapons from Google download all, all the sources are secondary, open sources and loyalty-free. We achieved a mean average precision of 84.19% across five classes after training for 59 epochs The findings of this research demonstrate the effectiveness of the SSD algorithm in crime prevention and control, contributing to the ongoing discourse surrounding the application of detection algorithms for crime prediction. This work aims to provide technological innovations that can assist local law enforcement agencies in their operational duties. Additionally, the insights gained from this study may enhance the detection of abnormal behavior within the broader field of artificial intelligence.

Progress in neuroscience leads not only to novel therapeutic opportunities but also raises several ethical problems. These problems are often subsumed under the term "neuroethics," of which the definition and purpose often remain unclear. We discuss the problems of informed consent, free will, sense of self, and personality in light of recent neuroscientific progress. Due to distinct categories and frames of reference, these philosophical-ethical terms cannot be limited only to the brain; the development of systematic relations is suggested. This accounts for the "special ethical position of the brain." It is concluded that only this sense can neuroethics account for the ethical complexity in neuropsychiatric disorders.

The European Union Development of European Property Law

The self-concept provides people with a fundamental frame of reference for navigating their social world. People understand and interpret social interactions using knowledge of their personal self (e.g., How do I as an individual usually respond in this or a similar situation?), their relational self, in which the focus of interaction is their role defined by attachment bonds with specific significant other people, and their collective self in which interactions are fully defined by their membership in a distinct social group or category. Social context is the determinant of which level of self is the dominating feature driving interaction and relevant contextual knowledge of the self. The social identity perspective focuses on the part of the self-concept that people derive from their important group memberships—their social identities—and how group memberships can become a compass for an individual’s interactions within specific groups and how self and social categorization processes set the normative boundaries for intergroup relationships.

Conservation breeding programmes as an essential tool for conservation of endangered species require a sound knowledge on behaviour of the species. At present time, knowledge of behaviour and biology of Indian pangolins is inadequate and inconsistent. During the present study, an ethogram was developed based on the behavioural observations of seven Indian pangolins (Manis crassicaudata) at Pangolin Conservation Breeding Centre, Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha, India, between February 2012 and January 2013. A total of 27 behaviours of seven distinct behavioural categories (stationary body positions, locomotory patterns, maintenance behaviours, explorative behaviours, defensive behaviours, reproductive/social behaviours, and others) were described and illustrated. The results offer a consistent frame of reference for further studies on behavioural patterns of Indian pangolins. Besides, these preliminary observations could be useful in management and breeding of the species in captivity.

This chapter presents a preliminary understanding of cross-cultural challenges and synergistic experiences of multicultural students engaged in Global Virtual Teams (GVTs). In this case study, we introduce the GVT structure as a novel learning platform which utilizes Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) tools as part of its virtual-based learning. We administer the case study with 30 students (n=30) in the United of Emirates (UAE) who engage in GVTs across the globe—encompassing 26 universities and 22 countries. Qualitative data is collected in the form of documents—reflective reports of the students’ experiential learning over a 10-week period. We content analyse the reports based on the thematic analysis with two distinctive categories—cultural challenges and cultural synergies based on the first seven weeks of the experiential learning process. In this study, we find that students experienced challenges such as managing technical difficulty, language barriers, deteriorating motivations, geographical distance, time differences, and non-committed and unresponsive attitude. However, students also experience synergies from the GVTs such as strong relationships and continued friendships, formation of emergent leadership, learned diverse managerial styles and competencies skills, varied use of varied CMC tools, and international exposure to diverse cultures without the need to travel abroad.

This chapter presents a preliminary understanding of cross-cultural challenges and synergistic experiences of multicultural students engaged in Global Virtual Teams (GVTs). In this case study, we introduce the GVT structure as a novel learning platform which utilizes Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) tools as part of its virtual-based learning. We administer the case study with 30 students (n=30) in the United of Emirates (UAE) who engage in GVTs across the globe—encompassing 26 universities and 22 countries. Qualitative data is collected in the form of documents—reflective reports of the students’ experiential learning over a 10-week period. We content analyse the reports based on the thematic analysis with two distinctive categories—cultural challenges and cultural synergies based on the first seven weeks of the experiential learning process. In this study, we find that students experienced challenges such as managing technical difficulty, language barriers, deteriorating motivations, geographical distance, time differences, and non-committed and unresponsive attitude. However, students also experience synergies from the GVTs such as strong relationships and continued friendships, formation of emergent leadership, learned diverse managerial styles and competencies skills, varied use of varied CMC tools, and international exposure to diverse cultures without the need to travel abroad.

Studies of refugee belonging, as a key facet of integration, primarily focus on post-flight processes. Adopting an approach to integration that is temporally and spatially broader, this article argues that refugees’ varied experiences of belonging or estrangement in origin countries fundamentally condition their subsequent experiences of belonging or estrangement in settlement countries. To explore this argument, the article develops a framework that distinguishes between the psychosocial and locational aspects of home, identifying five distinct categories of experience: home in the homeland, exile in the homeland, exile outside the homeland, home outside the homeland, or overlaps of exile and home across borders. The article illustrates these categories in the Syrian case, using original interviews with displaced Syrians and a range of texts by Syrian writers. In doing so, it demonstrates how knowing whether or how refugees found belonging inside their homelands before displacement enriches understandings of who refugees are, what they seek, and what home or exile means to them. While these pre-flight experiences cannot precisely predict integration outcomes, they shape the frame of reference that refugees carry into homemaking in refuge and, thus, the experiences of belonging that they develop there.