Abstract
High-order soliton in anomalous-dispersion ultrafast fiber lasers is rarely researched due to its intrinsic instability in dissipative systems. For the first time, we numerically demonstrate the ultrafast pulse in fiber lasers will deviate from the fundamental soliton under strong pulse energy before splitting into multiple pulses. High-order soliton effect results in the single-pulse splitting into the dual-pulse. Sustaining switching between the single- and dual-pulse induced by the high-order soliton evolution and cross-gain-modulation was observed and analyzed. The results offer significant and novel insights for the soliton shaping dynamics and instability in anomalous-dispersion fiber lasers.
Highlights
Solitons in nonlinear optics are stable and localized structures with balances of dispersion, nonlinearity, gain and loss, which have been widely researched in mode-locked lasers and nonlinear resonators [1]–[3]
We set the length of single-mode fibers (SMFs) to be 7 m and the total cavity length to be 8 m, and research the soliton dynamics by increasing the pump energy
The spatio-temporal evolution of the soliton at pump energy of 134 pJ in Fig. 2(c) shows that the soliton is breathing in the cavity, which is different from the conventional soliton with quasi-stationary state [4]–[7]
Summary
Solitons in nonlinear optics are stable and localized structures with balances of dispersion, nonlinearity, gain and loss, which have been widely researched in mode-locked lasers and nonlinear resonators [1]–[3]. It is a consensus that CSs in fiber lasers will split or collapse with high pulse-energy due to the limited gain bandwidth [9]–[12] or the peak-clamp-effect [13]–[15]. The splitting of a CS into a dual-pulse is attributed to two mechanisms, one is limited spectral bandwidth [9]–[12], the other is the peak-clamped-effects [13]–[15]. The former means that the pulse with strong energy and broadband spectrum suffers spectral-filtering-loss by the limited gain bandwidth or other filters. The DWs or continuous waves (CWs) can be shaped into a new pulse, interacting with the CS through cross-gain-modulation (XGM) until they reach an
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