A Case Study of Sustainable Construction Waste Management in Saudi Arabia

<p>The construction industry has been identified as a major contributor to environmental degradation, particularly through the generation of waste. Unsustainable production and consumption patterns in the construction industry have resulted in high amounts of waste, which is often disposed of in landfills. To address this challenge, a circular economy management approach has been proposed to achieve sustainable construction and demolition waste management. This review provides an overview of the circular economy management approach for sustainable management of construction and demolition waste. The circular economy management approach emphasizes the need to reduce waste generation and promote the reuse and recycling of materials. This approach also advocates the use of sustainable materials and the implementation of effective waste management practices throughout construction and demolition. The circular economy management approach to sustainable management of construction and demolition waste includes several key strategies, including adopting sustainable design and construction approaches, promoting reuse and recycling of materials as well as developing effective waste management systems. These strategies require the cooperation and involvement of all stakeholders in the construction and demolition process, including architects, contractors, developers, and waste management companies. The circular economy management approach offers a promising framework for achieving the goals of destructive waste management and sustainable construction. By promoting sustainable patterns of production and consumption, this approach can help reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry while generating economic benefits for stakeholders. However, successful implementation of this approach requires strong regulatory support and the willingness of all stakeholders to adopt sustainable practices.</p>

The uncontrolled generation of construction waste happened due to the rapid development of the construction industry become one of the significant environmental issues in Malaysia. Therefore, sustainability was applied in construction waste management strategies. Sustainability in construction waste management emphasized the relevance of co-development in the economy, environment, and society and helped to achieve harmony in the economy, environment, and society. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aims to identify the causative factors of construction waste, determine the construction waste management strategies, and discover the relationship between the causative factors of construction waste and construction waste management strategies towards sustainable construction waste management improvement. In this regard, this research was conducted quantitatively using the questionnaire as a research medium to obtain feedback from the construction organizations on the causative factors and management strategies of construction waste towards sustainable construction waste management improvement. The developed questionnaire was distributed via a virtual method among project managers as representatives of construction organizations operating in Penang. As a result, 29.6 percent of the response rate was accepted. The analysis showed that the management factor, regulation factor and prevention strategy was important factors and strategies for sustainable construction waste management improvement and found that there was a strong relationship between them. Finally, this research outlined strategies to achieve sustainable construction waste management improvement in the construction industry and create a better environment.

Zambian Construction is one of the fastest growing sectors (increasing at 15.3% pa in 2012) from residential and commercial developments and mining infrastructure. The industry in Zambia, like elsewhere, is composed of many players including designers, contractors, regulators, manufacturers and suppliers of construction materials. However, opportunities for sustainable construction waste minimization and management (WMM) have been minimal.Most research in developing countries has been targeted on Municipal Waste Management rather than Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste. C&D Waste is generally in form of masonry units, mortar, timber, glass, steel and plastic and most generation is arises from masonry units and mortar. In the developed countries guidelines do exist, supported by regulation and legislation.This paper addresses the status on C&D waste management in Zambia as compared to the rest of the world, mainly through literature review, with a view to recommending strategies for sustainable Waste Minimization and Management. As highlighted by several researchers and institutions, worldwide, WMM requires partnerships of strategies, which covers processes over the entire life cycle of construction infrastructure. The paper highlights some of best practices towards sustainable C&D waste minimization and management elsewhere. Finally, recommendations are made on how to achieve best practice in Zambia, sub-region and beyond.Keywords: Municipal Waste, Construction and Demolition waste, design and construction practices

In the paper a preliminary analysis of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) management in Bulgaria is presented, using official data from Bulgarian National statistical institute [2] and European Union [6].In Bulgaria for the period 2013 - 2017, there is an almost threefold decrease in the amount of non-hazardous construction waste generated. During the same period, hazardous construction waste also decreased by over 50%. In 2016, 54% recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) was achieved with the aim of achieving a minimum of 70% by 2020 according to the Waste Management Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC [9]). On this basis, amendments to the Waste Management Act (WMA) were introduced and the Ordinance on construction waste management and input of recycled construction materials (NUSOVRM) was prepared. New standards for the quality of construction materials used have been modified and introduced. In order to reduce landfill recycling, financial incentives are provided by municipalities. Some of the public-funded construction sites require a mandatory percentage of recycled waste, depending on the type of site. Specific targets (for construction waste codes) introduced for recovery for each construction - for example 85% for concrete and reinforced concrete waste, 90% for metals.

The management of construction and demolition waste is a critical concern for sustainable urban development and environmental conservation. In this review, the authors provides an overview of the involvement of machine learning techniques like the support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANNs), Random Forest (RF), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), etc. in the estimation, classification, and prediction of construction and demolition waste, contributing to the advancement of sustainable waste management practices. The authors observed that the DCNN achieved an outstanding accuracy of 94% in the estimation and classification of construction waste. Based on the authors’ observations, the machine learning models are well suited for the prediction or classification of construction waste and are good for sustainable waste management in the future. This paper provides insights into the promising future of machine learning in revolutionizing waste management practices and future research.

Healthcare waste in Bangladesh: Current status, the impact of Covid-19 and sustainable management with life cycle and circular economy framework

Increasing building construction raises concerns about construction and demolition (C&D) waste management. To assess this issue the building components, the collection schemes, their recycling and disposal should be investigated. In order to manage C&D wastes, paying attention to how this kind of wastes is disposed is imperative for their correct identification. Inattention, lack of organization and proper transport and sanitary disposal of construction and demolition waste lead to problems such as accumulation of construction waste in the streets. However, more than 90 percent of the potential for recycling and re-using as raw materials is provided. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified C&D wastes into three categories: non-dangerous waste, hazardous wastes and semi-hazardous wastes. Currently in Tehran, an average of about 50,000 tons per day of construction and demolition wastes are produced from which over 30,000 tons per day are dumped in landfills. According to this research more than 57% of these wastes are placed in the first category (non-dangerous waste) and have the potential for being recycled and reused. On the other hand, items that are placed in the second category shall be managed based on the existing laws. This article provides some management solutions including proposing methods for collecting and reusing construction waste in accordance with current market needs in Iran.

The high economic growth in Arab Gulf Co-operation Countries (GCCs) during the oil boom of the 1970s and early 1980s resulted in a shortage in the number of workers needed to support the growing economy.' The swift transformation of the economy from an economy based on nomadic trade, fishing and agriculture to an economy based on hydrocarbon, construction and service industries using modem technological production processes, created a need for a new breed of skilled workers not available locally.2 As a result, GCCs witnessed a major influx of foreign labour. N. Farjani3 reported that at least 25 per cent of the 20 million migrant workers in the world in the 1980s were employed in the GCCs. In a region of a population of 17 to 25 million in mid 1990s there were over 12 million foreign workers.4 Available data indicate that in the 1990s the percentage of expatriates to local workers in the six GCCs countries is expected to be around 90 per cent in United Arab Emirates, 83 per cent in Qatar, 82 per cent in Kuwait, 69 per cent in Saudi Arabia, 60 per cent in Bahrain and 67 per cent in Oman. Localization in the private sector has led the economic, social and political debate in GCCs in the 1990s. The aim of localization, as stated in GCCs' development plans, is to replace non-locals with appropriately qualified and willing to work local manpower in all occupations and to continue the development of local manpower to produce a pool of human resources able to cater for the needs of the economy. Three key factors have caused localization to dominate the economic development policy in GCCs in the 1990s. Firstly, the sharp decline in oil prices in the mid-1980s led to a substantial decrease in oil revenues and marked an end to the oil boom era. As a result, GCCs have been embarking on a cost cutting strategy to reduce the budget deficit. The average budget deficit to GDP for the six GCCs was close to 4.7 per cent in 1997 down from 10 in 1993 and 14 per cent in 1990 and total expenditures of the six GCCs were reduced from $86 billion in 1992 to $73 billion in 1995.5 Available data reveal that during the 1988 and 1993 period remittances by foreign workers have played a major role in the

Estimating the sustainability returns of recycling construction waste from building projects

Waste management is a crucial aspect of modern societies, encompassing various activities to ensure the safe and effective disposal of waste materials. It can be classified as hazardous waste, electronic trash (e-waste), industrial waste, and municipal solid waste (MSW). Sustainable waste management practices aim to reduce environmental impact while protecting public health. Urbanization leads to increased residential water consumption, however reusing wastewater for non-potable applications like agriculture can be cost-effective. The overall costs of delivering wastewater for agricultural reuse, including treatment, storage, and transportation, are less the total costs of safe environmental disposal alternatives. Drainage may also be a source of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), which reduces the cost of wastewater for agricultural reuse. The adoption of these principles could lead to a 48% reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. The management of hazardous waste, including toxic, flammable, corrosive, or reactive materials, is also a significant concern. In order to safeguard public health and stop the spread of infectious illnesses, animal manure management is crucial. The global generation of construction and demolition waste is expected to double by 2025, with the majority generated in Asia. Sustainable waste management practices are necessary to ensure public health and the environment.

Sustainability in construction can be perceived across several areas. Sustainable supply chain and cost management are two of them. If this issue is addressed in the management of sustainable building materials and waste management in the implementation of construction projects, in the context of sustainability, cost management and supply chain management affect the overall success of construction projects. The aspect of sustainability is based on reducing costs and, thus, also material items. At the same time, there is a focus on the use of waste or its economic and ecological disposal. Finally, sustainability means the setting up of logistics processes. Information and communication technologies can significantly help supply chain and cost management and construction waste management. This means, on the one hand, minimizing the consumption of materials and, thus, also costs, and on the other hand, by optimally setting up the supply chain and logistics, using materials and funds efficiently and optimizing waste management. The research discusses the impact of information and communication technology on a sustainable chain and cost management on various construction projects in Slovakia. The research aims to analyze information and communication technology’s influence on a sustainable chain and cost savings of waste in construction projects. The main research hypothesis is based on the assumption that information and communication technology positively affect sustainable chain and cost management of waste in the Slovak construction industry. Data collection was performed through an online questionnaire. It contained three primary areas of data collection: The first part contained questions about the characteristics of the research sample. The second concerned the use of information and communication technologies and the third pertained to their impact on sustainability and reducing the costs of the waste management process in construction. The research samples consisted primarily of foreign companies operating in Slovakia. From the point of view of the participants in the construction project, these were developers, contractors, sub-contractors and designers. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to confirm this hypothesis. The research provides an overview of information and communication technologies and their impact on supply chain and cost management of waste in construction.

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) generation, identified as a priority stream by the European Commission, accounts for approximately 25 to 30% of all waste generated in the European Union. According to local specificities (e.g. regulations, waste management organization) best environmental options may differ for transforming waste into new resources. Five oral presentations were given in the session which focused on innovative modelling initiatives combining LCA with complex models in order to improve knowledge for more sustainable urban construction waste management. During the discussions, all participants agreed that re-use or recycling mass performance is a weak and unsufficient indicator for assessing waste management systems. There is an important need for better characterizing stocks and predicting nature and quality of output flows. Geospatialized data combined with Material Flow Analysis was the methodology identified and used by the research community.

Considering life-cycle environmental impacts and society's willingness for optimizing construction and demolition waste management fee: An empirical study of China

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to study the global experience of regulatory and legal regulation of construction and demolition waste management to determine measures to ensure the use of secondary raw materials from construction waste in Ukraine for the restoration of objects damaged and destroyed as a result of military actions and the construction of new buildings. The results of the study of the experience of developed countries regarding the attraction of construction and demolition waste for reuse and processing into secondary raw materials are presented. Analytical studies have established that Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and the Council provides for a target increase by 2020 of the share of non-hazardous construction waste prepared for reuse and recycling to at least 70% by weight, as well as promotion of recycling by selective removal of materials and creation of sorting systems. The direct requirements of the regulatory and legal regulation of construction waste management during the construction of facilities are outlined. In some states, direct requirements for handling construction waste have been established: in new construction, a certain percentage of products from recycled waste must be used; ban on landfills for construction waste that can be used for processing into secondary raw materials; the minimum area of buildings, during the construction of which mandatory disposal of waste is regulated; the minimum volumes of construction work are legally defined, the excess of which determines the need for builders to sort and process construction and demolition waste. The lack of specific target indicators for the collection, sorting, processing of construction and demolition waste, as well as the use of secondary raw materials obtained from them, was emphasized in the normative legal acts of Ukraine on waste management.

Em alguns municípios, os resíduos da construção civil representam 60% do montante de lixo que é gerado nos centros urbanos. A cidade de Uberaba convive com significativos impactos ambientais provocados pela não gestão dos resíduos construtivos. No município, existem áreas altamente degradadas pela destinação inadequada dos Resíduos da Construção e Demolição (RCD) ou Resíduos da Construção Civil (RCC). A falta de gerenciamento desses resíduos afeta a cidade nos aspectos econômico, sociais e principalmente ambientais. Neste trabalho, foram levantados os principais impactos ambientais que ocorreram devido à falta de gestão dos RCD na cidade de Uberaba. Foram abordados alguns pontos como: a eficiência dos "ecopontos", degradação da área da Pedreira de Léa e riscos para a saúde pública da cidade. Ainda foram discutidos os motivos que levam à não gestão dos RCD e o que tem sido feito para que futuramente esta gestão venha ser implantada. Este trabalho foi composto por revisão bibliográfica associada a visitas in loco das áreas afetadas pela destinação inadequada dos RCD. Desta forma, este trabalho propôs soluções para redução dos impactos ambientais causados pelos RCD gerenciados de maneira inadequada em Uberaba, visando obter melhorias para a saúde pública e contribuindo para a sustentabilidade ambiental da cidade.