A CARTOGRAFIA SOCIAL COMO PRÁTICA CONTRA-HEGEMÔNICA DE RESISTÊNCIA CAMPONESA

Chapada do Apodi, in the state of Ceará, is an expansion area for cotton agribusiness, producing environmental injustice against peasant communities. The study reveals the potential of social maps created through participatory mapping to expose environmental injustice caused by agribusiness. The research aims to demonstrate the environmental injustice triggered by the territorialization of agribusiness in the region through social cartography. A qualitative approach, participatory research, and social cartography are the core procedures for the investigation. The results show that it was possible to demonstrate increased deforestation, areas with a "smell of poison," the incorporation of former goat breeding areas, the deactivation of apiaries and bee deaths, the destruction of social technologies, and the possible contamination of storage tanks for household water. Furthermore, it is evident that environmental injustice can be revealed through participatory mapping processes based on social cartography. Keywords: Social cartography; Environmental injustice; Agribusiness; Chapada do Apodi.

Este artigo faz uma associação entre a cartografia social e o desenho ambiental. A cartografia social traz novas contribuições à cartografia tradicional, quebrando o paradigma de que os mapas devam ser feitos apenas pelos órgãos governamentais e institucionais, buscando fazer com que as pessoas produzam seus próprios mapas, sendo estes então, críticos e participativos. O mapeamento participativo tem uma função social, na medida em que auxilia na gestão do território, identificando os seus usos tradicionais, conflitos, fragilidades, potencialidades e empoderando esses indivíduos, por estimulá-los a agir sobre o território para transformá-lo ou assegurar seus direitos sobre ele. O objetivo desse trabalho é mostrar como as metodologias participativas estudadas, intituladas mapeamento participativo e mapeamento afetivo, podem contribuir para o desenho ambiental nas suas instâncias iniciais visando à participação popular no planejamento urbano, na medida em que suas visões sobre o território são organizadas, articuladas e dialogadas com a comunidade ou com agentes externos ou através de iniciativas próprias de transformação da realidade vivida. A metodologia aplicada nesse artigo foi a de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com o intuito de estabelecer um panorama da construção do desenho ambiental de modo participativo através do mapeamento participativo e dos mapas afetivos. No recorte da área de estudo foram selecionadas experiências em que a cartografia social foi utilizada como apoio para sensibilização da comunidade e princípio das atividades de desenho ambiental no meio urbano.

ABSTRACTGovernment and the private sector persistently prioritise the need to assess the impact of social and political processes against criteria based on capital production and economic efficiency. How valuable is this within media ecologies that seek to prioritise democratic contributions or counter-hegemonic practice? Community radio globally was established to promote participation and increase democratic communication. This study adopts a citizens’ media approach within a critical political economy of communication epistemology to investigate social change impacts related to symbolic fracturing, reality construction, and democratic dialogue within community radio practice. Based on a case study of 3CR Community Radio in Melbourne, Australia, this study identifies social discourse rupture, recoding, and critical participation as key themes that emerge through qualitative interviews with station founders, current practitioners, and listeners. While numerous studies have documented the Australian community radio sector’s contribution to media participation and diversity, this paper considers the counter-hegemonic outcomes of a station that seeks to resist and subvert social injustices and to deepen the democratisation of the media. Results reveal that listeners and practitioners engage in counter-hegemonic media practice through the community radio form.

The use of cartography in geographical approaches, notably in those focused on territorial discussions, is gaining more and more importance. However, the use of technical maps still prevails, which often act to hinder its use and appropriation by traditional communities. Based on this assumption, this article seeks to show that, in addition to technical cartography, there are other methodologies, which should also be used, in both elaboration and representation of territories, such as the participatory mapping. For that, some recommendations and suggestions are presented in this paper, aiming to subsidize the application and the collaboration of maps, through the mentioned methodology. These suggestions and contributions are the result of both theoretical debates and in loci observations, in workshops held in traditional communities of Brazilian Amazonia. From these discussions, it is concluded that the adoption of participatory mapping in the process of valuing and understanding the knowledge of traditional communities is of great value, in addition to serving as a subsidy for the claims of rights of both appropriation and possession of the territory.

JLAG Perspectives: Videography for Participatory Cartography in a Site of Wind Power Conflict in Coastal Ceará State, Brazil Adryane Gorayeb, Christian Brannstrom, Jociclea de Sousa Mendes, Antonio Jeovah de Andrade Meireles, Leilane Oliveira Chaves, and Edson Vicente da Silva Installed wind power capacity in Brazil expanded rapidly from 28.6 megawatts (MW) in 2005 to 10.6 gigawatts (GW) installed electrical capacity in 2016—roughly a 37,000 percent increase in just over a decade. Highly favorable wind climatology (Silva et al. 2016), emergency electricity rationing, and state incentives motivated wind farm construction in coastal areas of Ceará (1.6 GW) and Rio Grande do Norte (3.2 GW). Reports describe Brazilian wind power as a win-win situation (Juárez et al. 2014: 833). However, recent work describes social conflict and environmental impacts from wind farms located in coastal environments. Impacts include leveling dunes, burying interdune lakes, impeded access through the wind farm, heavy truck traffic, and unfulfilled promises of employment generation (Brown 2011; Meireles et al. 2013; Gorayeb et al. 2016; Brannstrom et al. 2017). [End Page 159] Here, we discuss the process of creating a 20-minute video, “We Made Our Map: Territory, Participatory Cartography, and Wind Power in the West Coast of Ceará, Brazil” (LabocartUFC 2016), which shows results of a participatory mapping project that helped a traditional community secure land rights when threatened by a wind farm. The participatory mapping process (2011–2015) included continual critical reflection regarding the community, its territory, its engagement with cartography, and the impacts of large infrastructure projects. Community leaders requested a map from the Department of Geography, Universidade Federal do Ceará, in the course of seeking technical assistance to show traditional livelihoods in Xavier. The mapping project was to include sea, beach, dune (including interdunal lakes), river, and mangrove environments used for livelihoods (fishing, mollusks, and agriculture) and leisure. The specific motivation for resource mapping was the 2009 construction of a wind farm, licensed by Ceará state authorities without obtaining community consent. The wind farm has caused social tensions between the community and the wind farm owner, and within the community (Meireles et al. 2013; Gorayeb et al. 2016; Brannstrom et al. 2017). Xavier community is a traditional settlement of twenty-two families (sixty-six residents) who rely on fishing with nonmotorized boats, collect shellfish and shrimp, and practice small-scale agriculture. Common property, rather than definitive land title, prevails. In 2005, Xavier residents noted the presence of outsiders taking measurements and installing equipment. Construction of the wind farm started in 2007, and in 2009 the wind farm began producing power from fifty turbines capable of generating 104.4 MW. This wind farm was Brazil’s largest until December 2016. Houses in Xavier were 200 meters away from the nearest turbine. After many complaints by Xavier residents, in 2013 the wind power firm donated R$540,000 (approximately US$130,000) to the Xavier community association for the construction of twenty-two brick houses, one per family, to mitigate the negative impacts of the wind farm. We received an extension grant in 2014 from Brazil’s Ministry of Education to conduct participatory cartography workshops among traditional fishing communities in western Ceará. Our application of participatory cartography follows the concept of new social cartography developed by Henri Acselrad and Alfredo Wagner Berno de Almeida (Acselrad and Coli 2008; Almeida et al. 2010), which has broad parallels to trends in critical cartography that Crampton (2009) reported. Our group has used new social cartography techniques to produce seventy-two maps of traditional communities (indigenous groups, quilombolas, ribeirinhos, and small farmers) in northern and northeastern Brazil (Meireles and Gorayeb 2014; Gorayeb et al. 2015; Mendes et al. 2015; Costa et al. 2016; Evangelista et al. 2016; Galdino et al. 2016; Leite et al. 2016). We aimed to facilitate participatory mapping by transferring technologies and knowledge to residents. The workshops resulted in thematic maps that showed conflicts over resources. During the workshops we also interviewed community leaders and participated in community activities, creating synergies between research and extension. In 2014, project leaders Gorayeb and Meireles decided to make a documentary film about the problems caused by the wind farm in the Xavier community, and...

This paper presents the results of applications of participatory three dimensional mapping (P3DM) method for fqcilitating the people of Cibanteng’ village to compile a landslide disaster risk reduction program. Physical factors, as high rainfall, topography, geology and land use, and coupled with the condition of demographic and social-economic factors, make up the Cibanteng region highly susceptible to landslides. During the years 2013-2014 has happened 2 times landslides which caused economic losses, as a result of damage to homes and farmland. Participatory mapping is one part of the activities of community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR)), because of the involvement of local communities is a prerequisite for sustainable disaster risk reduction. In this activity, participatory mapping method are done in two ways, namely participatory two-dimensional mapping (P2DM) with a focus on mapping of disaster areas and participatory three-dimensional mapping (P3DM) with a focus on the entire territory of t...

Bawomataluo which is located in South Nias, North Sumatra, has unique cultural and natural tourism. The area is referred to as “Bukit Matahari” (Hill of the Sun) as it is the area where tourists can enjoy the sunrise and sunset. However, the hegemonic practice performed by the government through its policies and the counter-hegemonic practice performed by the local people as the owner of the tourist destination have caused the area to be less developed. The problem of the study is how the counter-hegemonic practice is performed to develop the Bawomataluo tourist destination. This study is intended to understand and describe the form of the counter-hegemonic practice so it can widen the concepts of the related studies. The study used the qualitative method with the perspective of cultural studies. The theory of hegemony, the theory of power/knowledge, and the theory of social practice were used to analyze the data.
 The result of the study showed that the counter-hegemonic practice performed by the Bawomataluo people included the counter-hegemony towards the government’s policy, the counter-hegemony towards change and functional change of cultural heritage, and the counter-hegemony towards the tourism-related activities. They are all the accumulation of the local people’s disappointment with the government’s policy (hegemonic practice) which has been performed so far. As a result, the development of the tourist destination and infrastructure has not achieved the target yet. This present study offers a strategic political policy so the development of the tourist destination in Bawomataluo in particular and in Indonesia in general can be avoided from the hegemonic practice and counter-hegemonic practice. To this end, the tourist destination should be sustainably developed in order to improve the local people’s economy and increase the government’s income. The development should be the community-based one as well.

One of the abrasion mitigations is mapping vulnerable areas through participatory mapping. Compared to conventional mapping, participatory mapping is considered more effective because, through this mapping, complete and detailed information will be obtained relatively quickly. However, given the limitations of the community, the participatory mapping process must be carried out through empowerment. Participatory mapping is one part of disaster education for the community. This research will provide disaster education through socialization and training on participatory mapping of GIS-based abrasion-prone areas in Sarang District, Rembang Regency based on community empowerment through a mixed-methods approach. The techniques used in data collection are interview, observation, questionnaire, a document study, and FGD techniques. The results show that this research has carried out participatory mapping based on community empowerment through preparation, implementation, evaluation, and monitoring stages. The results of participatory mapping are the active involvement of the community physically and mentally, the formation of a map of the occurrence of abrasion, and increasing the capacity of knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of the community. The resulting maps can be used as recommendations to local governments and guidelines for local communities.

The field of conflict resolution is in constant evolution. Every day, theories are defined and redefined, and new contributions are made to the field. This continuous process challenges scholars, researchers, and practitioners to develop new conceptual and methodological frameworks for the analysis of conflict. This article highlights the potential of social cartography (participatory mapping) as a tool for the transformation of environmental and social conflicts at the household, community, national, and international levels. The advantages of social cartography as an appraisal, planning, and analytical tool for conflict transformation are illustrated here with a case study of the Afro-Colombian community of Robles.

Neste artigo o foco recai sobre a apresentação de uma experiência de mapeamento participativo que tem oferecido elementos para uma cartografia social de parte do território da Serra da Capivara no Piauí. Esse mapeamento visa a promover uma reinterpretação da territorialidade local dos lugares de vivência cotidiana da comunidade que habita a zona de tal Parque Nacional. Este estudo se apoiará nas narrativas dos moradores e memórias da comunidade sobre a história desses lugares. Para tanto, teceu-se uma abordagem conceitual sobre mapeamento participativo e cartografia social desde os primeiros estudos realizados com comunidades. Em seguida apresentou-se as considerações preliminares do andamento do estudo de caso que teve como metodologia expedições ao território tradicional com membros da comunidade para registrar sua cultura material e simbólica.

Participatory mapping – the production of maps in a collective way – is a common activity used for planning and decision making in urban studies. It started as a way to empower men and women, usually from rural vulnerable communities threatened by climate change, degradation of their landfills or any other conflict related to access to their land. It has been considered a fundamental instrument to help marginal groups represent and communicate their needs within the territory and augment their capacity to protect their rights. (FIDA, 2011). Why is it that in some cases participatory mapping works and in others fails? Why do these initiatives not trigger local action? Or even end up being counterproductive, when authorities use the map made by locals, to validate their points, causing conflict instead of negotiation?As a research team of designers and social scientists involved in the creation of participatory mapping workshops, our goal was to analyze the process and resources and different outcomes of some participatory cartographic projects, including one developed by us for three small communities of the original settlements of the West Mountain Region of Mexico City.Our findings outline three main principles to consider when pursuing a community mapping project whether using low‐end or state of the art technology, in order to involve a community, validate their knowledge acquired from the mapping practice, and foster collaboration and organized action.

Growing and uncontrolled urbanization and climate change (with an associated increase in the frequency of intense meteoric events) have led to a rising number of flooding events in urban areas due to the insufficient capacity of conventional drainage systems. Nature-Based Solutions represent a contribution to addressing these problems through the creation of a multifunctional green infrastructure, both in urban areas and in the countryside. The aim of this work was to develop a methodology to define Green Infrastructure for stormwater management at the municipal level. The methodology is defined on the basis of three phases: the definition of the territorial information needed, the production of base maps, and the production of a Suitability Map. In the first phase, we define the information needed for the identification of non-urbanized areas where rainwater can potentially infiltrate, as well as areas with soil characteristics that can exclude or limit rainwater infiltration. In the second phase, we constructed the following base maps: a “map of green areas”, a “map of natural surface infiltration potential” and a “map of exclusion areas”. In phase 3, starting from the base maps created in phase 2 and using Geographical Information Systems’ (GIS) geoprocessing procedures, the “Green area compatibility map to realize Green Infrastructure”, the “map of areas not suitable for infiltration” and the final “Green Infrastructure Suitability Map” are created. This methodology should help municipal authorities to set up Green Infrastructure Suitability Maps as a tool for land-use planning.

This article recounts the development of an ongoing community‐engaged research project that maps environmental injustice in Peterborough/Nogojiwanong, Ontario. Drawing insight and inspiration from the activism and scholarship in environmental injustice in Canada and a specific understanding of environmental injustice as slow violence, this project seeks to understand how community members experience environmental risk. In this article we explore two spatial methods we undertook to understand the landscape of environmental inequality in Peterborough: the development of an environmental injustice index using GIS mapping, complemented by participatory mapping with community members. In presenting the results of these interlinked mapping efforts, we make the argument that while both methods centred community needs, either taken alone would be insufficient to understand the complexity of environmental injustice in Peterborough. Instead, we call for environmental justice projects that combine both big and small data for research that is critical, community‐engaged, and focused on justice.

The production of quality seed constitutes one of the main challenges for food security and sovereignty of both urban and rural populations, requiring processes that recognize not only the potential of the territories but also the diversity associated withpeasant communities and their forms of production. , so as to reduce the gaps resulting from the use of seeds of low or no physical, genetic, physiological and sanitary quality that reduce the impact on the yields of banana, pineapple and cassava crops. To this end, a participatory research process was carried out to meet the demand for projects that improve the food and nutritional security of the population of the department of Casanare -Colombia. As a result, the methodology was implemented based on meetings with producers of productive systems for the construction of knowledge from social cartography, the preparation of economic calendars and mappings of actors and needs. This reading of the environments allowed the development of activities for the participatory selection of planting materials, processes of intensive multiplication of materials, as well as the transformation and production of banana, pineapple and cassava derivatives. The conclusions have to do with the importance of considering the producer as an active participant in the research processes in the construction of knowledge that contributes to the generation and appropriation of solutions based on science, technology and innovation in favor of food security and with this the reduction of poverty. In the near future, it is planned to carry out a training process for trainers with allied universities to leave installed capacities and to promote access and availability of quality seed.

Indonesia is one of the countries with the longest coastline, so Indonesia has many coastal areas with all its natural resources. However, these natural resources are starting to be disturbed due to abrasion. Abrasion is known not only to occur due to natural factors but also human behavior factors. Therefore, abrasion in Kragan District, Rembang Regency must be handled immediately through participatory mapping involving the community. Research with qualitative and quantitative approaches through questionnaires, interviews, observation, and FGD techniques was conducted to collect data. The results showed that participatory mapping was effective in increasing community capacity. In addition, participatory mapping also produces a map of the hazard to abrasion, which is one of the considerations for policymakers in making decisions regarding the handling of abrasion. Community capacity and the resulting map is a provision for the community to handle abrasion properly, so it is hoped that the chances of a sustainable coastal area will be even greater.