Abstract
Mitochondrial function is multifaceted in response to cellular energy homeostasis and metabolism, with the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) being one of their main functions. Selective elimination of mitochondria by mitophagy, in conjunction with mitochondrial biogenesis, regulates mitochondrial function that is required to meet metabolic demand or stress response. Growth hormone (GH) binds to the GH receptor (GHR) and induces the JAK2/STAT5 pathway to activate the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). The GH–GHR–IGF1 axis has been recognized to play significant roles in somatic growth, including cell proliferation, differentiation, division, and survival. In this review, we describe recent discoveries providing evidence for the contribution of the GH–GHR–IGF1 axis on mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy (or autophagy), and mitochondrial function under multiple physiological conditions. This may further improve our understanding of the effects of the GH–GHR–IGF1 axis on mitochondrial function, which may be controlled by the delicate balance between mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. Specifically, we also highlight the challenges that remain in this field.
Highlights
Growth hormone (GH), known as somatotropin, is an amino acid peptide that, together with prolactin (PRL) and human placental lactogen, belongs to the somatotropin family (Strobl and Thomas, 1994)
We describe recent discoveries providing evidence for the contribution of the GH–GH receptor (GHR)–insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis on mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and mitochondrial function under multiple physiological conditions
Several signaling pathways are activated, such as JAK2/STAT5, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and PI3K/AKT signaling under an anabolic state, as well as phospholipase C (PLC)/Protein kinase C (PKC) signaling under a catabolic state
Summary
Reviewed by: Eirini Lionaki, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Greece Du Feng, Guangzhou Medical University, China. Balanced Act: The Effects of GH–GHR–IGF1 Axis on Mitochondrial Function. Selective elimination of mitochondria by mitophagy, in conjunction with mitochondrial biogenesis, regulates mitochondrial function that is required to meet metabolic demand or stress response. The GH–GHR– IGF1 axis has been recognized to play significant roles in somatic growth, including cell proliferation, differentiation, division, and survival. We describe recent discoveries providing evidence for the contribution of the GH–GHR–IGF1 axis on mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy (or autophagy), and mitochondrial function under multiple physiological conditions. This may further improve our understanding of the effects of the GH–GHR–IGF1 axis on mitochondrial function, which may be controlled by the delicate balance between mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy.
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