Abstract
This chapter reviews a finite element formulation for the wave equation based on nodal-based elements, and either boundary elements or absorbing boundary conditions for the exterior. Practical applications of the wave equation are frequently open boundary problems. The near field is important because of the often complex structure of the antenna or the scattering object. The far-field pattern is also important in these applications. Some of the advantages of the finite element method for wave problems are that it can easily model complex geometries, boundary conditions are implicit, it can easily accommodate nonhomogeneous materials, and the coefficient matrix is banded, sparse, symmetric, and positive definite. The chapter also discusses the two different polarizations that are possible for two-dimensional electromagnetic field analysis. These polarizations are transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM).
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