Abstract
This chapter focuses on the spectrum analyzers as an equipment to display electrical waveforms, which can be thought of as a combination of sinusoidal signals of various frequencies and amplitudes. The spectrum analyzer creates a frequency domain display which resolves the electrical waveform into its constituent frequency components and displays them individually. Apart from being able to display composite waveforms which the oscilloscope cannot, the spectrum analyzer has many other uses. There are four basic methods used by spectrum analyzers to produce frequency domain displays. These are: (1) real-time spectrum analyzer, (2) swept tuned spectrum analyzer, (3) swept super heterodyne spectrum analyzer, and (4) Fourier transform spectrum analyzers or fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum analyzers. In addition, there are four main classifications of spectrum analyzers, which depend on the spectrum to be observed. The low frequency spectrum (below 100 kHz) is covered by real-time and FFT spectrum analyzers. Above this, the radio frequency (100 kHz to 2 GHz), microwave (2 GHz to 21 GHz) and millimeter wave (above 21 GHz) spectrums that are generally covered by swept super heterodyne spectrum analyzers.
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