Abstract
Plant development is regulated by species, available water, soil nutrients, and ambient temperatures. Because of the importance of temperature in plant growth and development, forages are classified as cool- or warm- season crops. If planted at the proper time, over a period of time, crops develop a canopy that provides the factory for optimum photosynthesis to occur. Development of this canopy is much slower in perennial forage crops (alfalfa, orchard grass, clover, and smooth brome grass) than in annual forage crops such as corn or sorghum. However, if properly planted and cultured, a full canopy develops within 30 to 45 days. When a nurse or companion crop is used in the establishment of a forage crop, the rate and extent of development of the forage crop in the first season is delayed until the late summer or until the fall. Thus, it may be that a full canopy is not developed until the next growing season.
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