Abstract
This paper investigates and compares the effects obtained from urban freight transport schemes. These are undertaken using a simulation model based on the vehicle routing and scheduling problem with time windows, and the effects are assessed with two indicators: total travel times of delivery vehicles and delivery costs incurred by freight carriers. Applications of the model to a hypothetical urban delivery problem showed that co-operative freight transport systems could offer the benefits to the whole community as well as to freight carriers, even though advanced vehicle routing and scheduling systems could provide much more effects. Results also showed that access restrictions to the city center would increase delivery costs despite the significant reduction in total travel time as well as that road pricing would be effective if introduced in conjunction with co-operative freight transport systems.
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