Abstract
This chapter discusses the process of material separation. The processes known as electrodialysis (ED), reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), and ultracentrifugation (UC) may be characterized in general as material separation processes. Through these processes, dissolved substances and/or finely dispersed particles can be separated from liquids. The fourth process, ultracentrifugation, depends upon high centrifugal forces for separating dual liquids. A comparison of the characteristics of the four classes of separation processes is presented in the chapter. The essential principle of electrodialysis is that electrical potential gradients will make charged molecules diffuse in a given medium at rates far greater than attainable by chemical potentials between two liquids, as in conventional dialysis. Electrodialysis lends itself readily to the continuous-flow type of operations needed in many industries. Multimembrane stacks can be built by alternatively spacing anionic- and cationic-selective membranes.
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