Abstract
Obstruction of the urinary tract is common and an important cause of acute and chronic kidney disease that may result in end-stage renal disease. Urinary tract obstruction may affect patients of all ages from neonates to the elderly, with diverse causes including congenital abnormalities, renal calculi, and benign or malignant tumors. Hydronephrosis of the kidney may be acutely painful or asymptomatic. It is accompanied by reduced glomerular filtration, renal inflammation with the eventual development of interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy so that early diagnosis and treatment are required. Renal imaging, including ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, is key to diagnosis and often provides insight into the underlying cause and site of obstruction. Treatment of urinary tract obstruction requires the removal of the obstruction and may involve surgery, stenting, long-term or intermittent catherization, and drug therapy.
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