Abstract
A high-frequency magnetic field (MF) generates an electric current by charging conductors that enable the induction of various biological processes, including changes in cell fate and programming. In this study, we show that electromagnetized carbon porous nanocookies (NCs) under MF treatment facilitate magnetoelectric conversion for growth factor release and cell stimulation to induce neuron cell differentiation and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Integrating four-dimensional printing technology, the NCs are exposed on the surface, which enhances the cell adhesion and allows direct manipulation of electromagnetic stimulation of the cells. Remarkably, large amounts of growth factor encapsulated in NC@conduit resulted in excellent permeability and on-demand release, improving the in vivo layers of myelin sheaths and directing the axon orientation at 1 month postimplantation. This study offers proof of principle for MF-guided in vivo neuron regeneration as a potentially viable tissue regeneration approach for neuronal diseases.
Highlights
Four-dimensional (4D) printed soft materials from the molecular design of a three-dimensional (3D) printed object capable of transforming intrinsic properties over time in response to environmental stimuli, such as voltage, temperature, and chemical reaction, are of considerable interest in soft microrobotics, computational folding, and memory materials[1,2,3,4,5]
Fabrication and characterization of NC@C A composite conduit (NC@conduit, NC@C) integrating features of mesoporous carbon sheets and proteinpermeable elastomers to promote peripheral nerve regeneration under magnetoelectric stimulation was developed in this study
Upon receiving magnetic field (MF) irradiation, the NFG encapsulated in NC@C showed excellent permeability and on-demand release to induce the differentiation and proliferation of nerve cells in vivo, while simultaneously supplying electromagnetic stimulation to cells
Summary
Four-dimensional (4D) printed soft materials from the molecular design of a three-dimensional (3D) printed object capable of transforming intrinsic properties over time in response to environmental stimuli, such as voltage, temperature, and chemical reaction, are of considerable interest in soft microrobotics, computational folding, and memory materials[1,2,3,4,5]. Immunohistochemistry The harvested conduit with regenerative nerves was sequentially immersed in 10% (wt%) sucrose for 30 min, Fig. 1 4D Printing of stretchable NC@C with magnetoelectric conversion capability to release growth factors and simulate cells for neurite sprouting. A particular success of this strategy is the controllable roughness of the surface on a conduit by exposing NCs to 3D printing, which increases the roughness for cell adhesion, and manifests as a direct physical stimulus to cells (Fig. 1e).
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