Abstract
This paper presents an iterative algorithm for the synthesis of the three-dimensional (3D) radiation pattern generated by an antenna array of arbitrary geometry. The algorithm is conceived to operate in fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave scenarios, thus enabling the support of multi-user mobile streaming and massive peer-to-peer communications, which require the possibility to synthesize 3D patterns with wide null regions and multiple main beams. Moreover, the proposed solution adopts a phase-only control approach to reduce the complexity of the feeding network and is characterized by a low computational cost, thanks to the closed-form expressions derived to estimate the phase of each element at the generic iteration. These expressions are obtained from the minimization of a weighted cost function that includes all the necessary constraints. To finally check its versatility in a 5G environment, the developed method is validated by numerical examples involving planar and conformal arrays, considering desired patterns with different numbers of main beams and nulls.
Highlights
Multi-antenna technology has had a very long history since the first antenna array was developed more than one century ago [1]
This paper proposes an iterative method to synthesize the 3D pattern generated by an antenna array of arbitrary geometry with the sole modification of the excitation phases when multiple main lobes and nulls are required
The desired pattern is characterized by a single main beam (P = 1) directed at (0◦, 0◦ ) and two null regions: a notch at (40◦, 0◦ ) and a wide null obtained by imposing four close notches at (60◦ + 2q, 0◦ ) for q = 2, . . . , 5, resulting in Q = 5 overall nulls
Summary
Multi-antenna technology has had a very long history since the first antenna array was developed more than one century ago [1]. One of the main reasons for the employment of multiple antennas for last generation communications is the choice, performed by network designers, of exploiting the millimeter-wave (mmWave) domain, which provides a large amount of unused spectrum This choice enables the adoption of radiators of reduced size that, in turn, allows the installation of high-gain multi-antenna systems on the network devices in order to compensate the significant mmWave channel attenuations. The design of an antenna array has to deal with two main problems: the development of the physical system (i.e., the geometry of the array and the selection of the radiating elements) [9,10], and the evaluation of the excitations that better satisfy the pattern synthesis requirements [11,12]. Throughout the paper the following notation is used: (·) T denotes the transpose operator, (·)∗ denotes the complex conjugate, j denotes the imaginary unit, and arg(·) denotes the argument function
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