Abstract
Glioblastoma is a poorly immunogenic cancer and is inevitably lethal despite a multimodal standard of care treatment comprising surgery followed by radiochemotherapy with temozolomide. Different immunotherapies including peptide vaccination and immune checkpoint inhibition have so far failed to improve survival. The administration of pro-inflammatory cytokines may convert the immunologically “cold” glioblastoma microenvironment into a “hot” one and may trigger potent antitumor immunity. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most potent pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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