Abstract
From the first commercial beginnings of the fiber industry in the early twentieth century until today, the spinning of synthetic fibers has undergone remarkable changes. The early use of synthetic fibers in apparel has exploded into thousands of end products, from apparel to composite structures in aircraft to biodegradable sutures and beyond. Although the same basic principle of pushing a polymer melt or solution through a small hole to form a linear stream of material that is solidified and drawn into a fiber is the same today as it was in the beginning, the spinning speeds, polymers and types of processes have changed. The engineering and design of the equipment used to produce synthetic fibers is based on a delicate compromise between scientific understanding of polymers and fiber spinning processes, end-use requirements, and economics. Presently, there are two somewhat opposite trends driving fiber-producing equipment design and supply. One trend is focused on reducing the manufacturing cost of well-defined commodity fiber products such as polyester filament and staple. The other trend is focused on specialty fibers with unique properties that require new polymers and processes to meet the ever-changing demands of the marketplace. Examples of each of these trends are reviewed and discussed.
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