3 Middle East and North Africa

Chapter 6 - Faba bean

Guest Editors’ Introduction

Introduction: Power and Knowledge in the Anthropology of the Middle East and North Africa Sherine Hafez and Susan Slyomovics Part I. Knowledge Production in Middle East and North Africa Anthropology 1. State of the State of the Art Studies: An Introduction to the Anthropology of the Middle East and North Africa Susan Slyomovics 2. Identity and Difference in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review Essay Seteney Shami and Nefissa Naguib 3. Anthropology's Middle Eastern Prehistory: An Archaeology of Knowledge Jon W. Anderson 4. The Pragmatics and Politics of Anthropological Collaboration on the North African Frontier Paul A. Silverstein 5. Post-Cold War Politics of Middle East Anthropology: Insights from a Transitional Generation Confronting the War on Terror Lara Deeb and Jessica Winegar Part II. Subjectivities: Youth, Gender, Family and Tribe in the Middle East and North African Nation-State 6. Anthropology of the Future: Arab Youth and the State of the State Suad Joseph 7. The Memory Work of Anthropologists: Gendered Studies of Conflicts and the Heroic Life in Middle East and North Africa Sondra Hale 8. Rejecting Authenticity in the Desert Landscapes of the Modern Middle East: Development Processes in the Jiddat il-Harasiis, Oman Dawn Chatty 9. Notable Families and Capitalist Parasites in Egypt's Former Free Zone: Law, Trade, and Uncertainty Christine Hegel-Cantarella Part III: Anthropology of Religion and Secularism in the Middle East and North Africa 10. Will the Rational Religious Subject Please Stand Up? Muslim Subjects and the Analytics of Religion Sherine Hafez 11. Defining and Enforcing Islam in Secular Turkey Kim Shively 12. Sharia in Diaspora: Displacement, Exclusion and Anthropology of the Displaced Middle East Susanne Dahlgren 13. A Place to Belong: Colonial Pasts, Modern Discourses, and Contraceptive Practices in Morocco Cortney L. Hughes Part IV: Anthropology and New Media in the Virtual Middle East and North Africa 14. Our Master's Call: Mass Media and the People in Morocco's 1975 Green March Emilio Spadola 15. The Construction of Virtual Identities: On-line Tribalism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond Sebastian Maisel 16. Youth, Peace, and New Media in the Middle East Charlotte Karagueuzian and Pamela Chrabieh Badine References Contributors Index

Following the recently evolving downturn in the Greek economy, there is an opportunity to build a new Hellenic scientific institution for neglected infections of poverty located at the geographic center of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. While today populations who live in poverty in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia suffer from the largest public health impact from the world's neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) [1], [2], it is astonishing to some that many of these same diseases also disproportionately strike the impoverished populations living in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. In Europe, a 2011 analysis found surprisingly high rates of NTDs among the more than 150 million Europeans who live below the poverty level [3]. Especially in the Balkans and elsewhere in southeastern Europe, as well as in Turkey, several former Soviet-bloc countries, and among the Roma, today there are high rates of parasitic infections such as echinococcosis, toxocariasis, toxoplasmosis, and trichinellosis, as well as a number of important bacterial infections such as brucellosis and congenital syphilis (Table 1). Many of these NTDs are zoonoses transmitted from animals and linked to breakdowns in veterinary public health, especially in Eastern Europe [3]. Fallout from the war in the Balkans and the collapse of communism among the former Soviet republics represent key socioeconomic determinants of these infections [3]. Table 1 Major NTDs of Europe and the Middle East and North Africa. Similarly, in the Middle East and North Africa, high rates of some of these same parasitic infections are endemic, in addition to fascioliasis, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis [4]. Important viral infections have also emerged, including dengue and Rift Valley fevers [4]. Many of these NTDs are also zoonoses transmitted from livestock and other domestic animals and are on the rise as a result of breakdowns in veterinary health and unrestricted trafficking of animals across unsupervised borders [4]. Most of these infections are concentrated among the more than 60 million people who live in the Middle East and North Africa on less than US$2 per day [4]. In terms of the largest number of cases of these conditions, destabilized countries such as Egypt, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen suffer the most from NTDs [4]. The NTDs are forgotten diseases that disproportionately afflict the forgotten poor. Indeed, these neglected infections can even trap the poor in a cycle of poverty because of their ability to stunt child growth and intellectual development, affect pregnancy outcome, and reduce productivity [1]. While the world's attention appropriately turns to completing the Millennium Development Goals by lifting the poorest people in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia out of poverty, we must not leave behind the poorest and forgotten people of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. A key step to addressing these neglected infections of poverty would include establishing a new center for research in order to conduct fundamental and translational research on the major NTDs affecting areas of poverty in southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; ideally, these activities might also include product development activities for a new generation of neglected disease drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines. In some cases, new products for veterinary use must be developed as new tools to halt zoonotic transmission. Greece represents an intriguing location for such a center of excellence (Figure 1). This nation is centrally located between Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa and therefore is in a position to undertake unique studies on the ecology, transmission, and epidemiology of the NTDs across the region. A recent example is the changing of ecology of brucellosis and other zoonoses with increasing transmission in the Balkan Peninsula [5], as well as the re-emergence of vivax malaria in Greece [6]–[8]. Greece has also become one of Europe's major gateways for immigrants arriving from Africa and the Middle East [9], [10]. Equally relevant is the devastating recent downturn in the Greek economy, including a stifling level of unemployment that is reaching 50% among young people together with dramatic cutbacks in government services and new austerity measures [11]. There are real concerns about the future of Greece's ability to maintain its previously robust scientific research infrastructure. Indeed, there have already been severe cuts to science budgets and salaries at leading Greek scientific institutions, with the anticipation of additional cuts and consolidations likely [12]. Figure 1 Map of Greece, At the same time, there is every reason to anticipate an emergence or re-emergence of NTDs in Greece just as we have seen in other areas of economic collapse and post-conflict in Europe and the Middle East. European Union or private support of a Hellenic center of excellence for NTDs could help to fend off declines in Greek biomedical science and prevent a potential brain drain to northern Europe, Australia, and elsewhere, while simultaneously providing urgently needed research and development for a nation that for centuries has bridged the cultures of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Such an NTD center could be established by expanding infrastructures in existing centers such as the Hellenic Pasteur Institute, which is conducting important research on leishmaniasis and other NTDs [13]; the Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH) [14]; or the Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention (HCDCP) [15], among others. It is important to point out that such a program should occur within the context of overall increases in financial support for Greek scientific institutions, and possibly even European Union funding. A Hellenic center for NTDs is not a panacea, but it would be a welcome and potentially transformative institution that would address a pressing neglected disease problem linked to poverty and destabilization in the region. It could also provide urgently needed research and possibly new antipoverty drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines benefiting impoverished people and their animals everywhere. Such a center could promote global, neglected disease research much as other pan-European institutes in Germany (EMBO - European Molecular Biology Organization), Switzerland (CERN – European Center for Nuclear Research), and Italy (ICTP – The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics) have promoted outstanding studies in molecular biology, physics, and other key scientific areas. A Greek center for NTDs would go a long way to fostering urgently needed research and reducing poverty and disease.

List of Tables - List of Figures - Preface - Prospects for Middle Eastern and North African Economies: An Overview N.Shafik - THE CHANGING INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT - The World Economy and Its Implications for the Middle East and North Africa, 1995-2010 E.M.Riordan, U.Dadush, J.Jalali, S.Streifel, M.Brahmbhatt & K.Takagaki - The Arab Economy, the Uruguay Round Predicament, and the European Union Wildcard I.Diwan, C-P.Yang & Z.Wang - The World Trade Organization, the European Union, and the Arab World: Trade Policy Priorities and Pitfalls B.Hoekman - ECONOMIC GROWTH, THE STATE, AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR - From Boom to Bust-and Back? The Crisis of Growth in the Middle East and North Africa J.Page - The State and Economic Transition in the Middle East and North Africa J.Waterbury - Supporting Private Sector Development in the Middle East and North Africa R.E.Anderson & A.Martinez - SECTORAL ISSUES: HUMAN RESOURCES, POVERTY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT - A Human Capital Strategy for Competing in World Markets F.L.Golladay, S.E.Berryman, J.Avins & L.Wolff - Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa W.van Eeghen - Environmentally Sustainable Development in the Middle East and North Africa H.Mohtadi - Environmental and Natural Resource Management in the Middle East and North Africa B.Larsen

This paper presents an empirical application and analysis of the social contract in countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The paper suggests a simple operational model that synthesizes a social contract's three main characteristics: participation, protection, and provision, between a government and its citizens. This empirical "3-P" framework allows investigating the role that government provision and protection may have on citizen participation, which is particularly pertinent given the political and economic development of countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The paper compares the evaluation of the health of the social contract in countries in the Middle East and North Africa region to that of countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The empirical evidence shows that the social benefits provided to citizens through improved delivery of basic services have come at the cost of impaired political participation. This feature of the social contract in the Middle East and North Africa may be considered one of the root causes of the social turmoil some countries have been struggling with in recent decades. Digital transformation is a potentially powerful channel through which the relationship between government and citizens can improve, and the paper finds that it has a three-year lagged positive effect on the quality of the social contract in the Middle East and North Africa and the effect is inversely U-shaped. This suggests that structural and institutional improvements are needed in countries in the Middle East and North Africa for the quality of their social contract to reach levels comparable to those of countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Contents of the report are as follows: Long-term economic development: challenges and prospects for the Arab countries by Mustapha K. Nabli. Reform complementarities and economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa by Mustapha Kamel Nabli, and Marie-Ange Veganzones-Varoudakis. After Argentina: was MENA right to be cautious? By Mustapha K. Nabli. Restarting Arab economic reform by Mustapha K. Nabli. Democracy for better governance and higher economic growth in the MENA region? By Mustapha K. Nabli, and Carlos Silva-Jauregui. The political economy of industrial policy in the Middle East and North Africa by Mustapha K. Nabli, Jennifer Keller, Claudia Nassif, and Carlos Silva-Jauregui. The macroeconomics of labor market outcomes in MENA by Jennifer Keller, and Mustapha K. Nabli. Challenges and opportunities for the 21st century by Mustapha Nabli. Labor market reforms, growth, and unemployment in labor-exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa by Pierre-Richard Agenor, Mustapha K. Nabli, Tarik Yousef, and Henning Tarp Jensen. Economic reforms and people mobility for a more effective EU-MED partnership by Ishac Diwan, Mustapha Nabli, Adama Coulibaly, and Sara Johansson de Silva. Cruise control, shock absorbers, and traffic lights by Mustapha K. Nabli. Trade, foreign direct investment, and development in the Middle East and North Africa by Farrukh Iqbal, and Mustapha Kamel Nabli. Making trade work for jobs by Dipak Dasgupta, Mustapha Kamel Nabli, Christopher Pissarides, and Aristomene Varoudakis. Exchange rate management within the Middle East and North Africa region by Mustapha Nabli, Jennifer Keller, and Marie-Ange Veganzones. How does exchange rate policy affect manufactured exports in MENA countries? By Mustapha Kamel Nabli, and Marie-Ange Veganzones-Varoudakis. Public infrastructure and private investment in the Middle East and North Africa by Pierre-Richard Agenor, Mustapha K. Nabli, and Tarik M. Yousef. Governance, institutions, and private investment by Ahmet Faruk Aysan, Mustapha Kamel Nabli, and Marie-Ange Veganzones-Varoudakis.

Histories of gender in the modern Middle East and North Africa have flourished in the last three decades, fueled in part by JMEWS. Yet much of this work is circumscribed by the nation-state, which remains the primary framing for discussions of women’s activism and gender-based reform. Existing scholarship includes glimpses of women collaborating across national, regional, cultural, and linguistic boundaries but rarely foregrounds these transnational connections or emphasizes how formative transnational spaces and conversations were in shaping gender norms. This roundtable brings together the work of gender historians whose research collectively ranges from Morocco to Afghanistan, and traces a variety of connections across the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Its five short essays highlight modes of movement, organizing, and exchange across borders, focusing on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We demonstrate the many ways in which women in the Middle East and North Africa collaborated with one another and with women in other world regions in the name of national independence, women’s rights, and economic justice, often shaping gender norms in the process. But should all modes of cross-border collaboration be described as “transnational”?One area of debate that the roundtable addresses is whether “transnationalism” is the best analytic mode for studying women’s activism across local and international borders. While thinking entirely beyond the national has its own historiographical value (Ludden 2003), transnationalism as a methodological approach begins with the nation, then demands that scholars think above and below it in ways that have the potential to challenge its solidity and salience as a category of analysis. Pursuing a transnational approach, we acknowledge the nation as a salient political unit while refusing to be confined within it, whether in linguistic, spatial, or ideological terms. Another key concept running through these essays is “transnational feminism,” which foregrounds feminist cross-border collaborations in the name of disrupting systems of power (Mohanty 2013). During the colonial era, many feminists in the Middle East and North Africa engaged in transnational organizing in opposition to colonialism. More recently, transnational feminist organizing in the Middle East and North Africa has been anticapitalist, prodemocracy, and has often sought to end US military occupation in the region.This roundtable also touches on questions of what counts as “transnational” activism and the scales on which it operates. Our essays reveal how micro and macro transnational feminist organizing contributed to reshaping gender norms in the wider Middle East. Marya Hannun’s work reconstructs a web of feminist organizing that connected Afghan women with women from Cairo to Bombay. Nova Robinson’s piece reveals how Syrian women collaborated with US and Swiss feminists to try to secure representation from the “East” on the League of Nations’ Committee of Experts on the Legal Status of Women. Anny Gaul’s research demonstrates that multiple generations of Moroccan women activists engaged with ideas and movements circulating through the Middle East and beyond as they advocated for liberation. Focusing on these models of exchange and activism encourages new spatial frameworks for understanding women’s organizing. Lucia Carminati’s essay addresses such frameworks by asking how the inherent transnational nature of certain spaces, like the Suez Canal, impacts gendered subjectivities and histories in unique ways. Finally, Gülşah Torunoğlu’s essay addresses the promises and limitations of transnationalism as a method of analysis, and discusses “relational comparison” as an alternative analytic lens through which to scrutinize the interconnected feminist networks in the Middle East prior to the 1920s.In addition to highlighting the circuits and exchanges of people and ideas, this collection of essays in conversation with one another demonstrates how a transnational approach can push gender history in the Middle East and North Africa in exciting new directions. Questions that animate this roundtable include: In what ways did feminisms in the Middle East and North Africa transcend the nation and even the region during the interwar period, a time when the nation-state emerged as the default vehicle through which patriarchy was wielded and contested? What were the geographic limits of these connections? How does the fact that women of a certain class around the world had more in common with one another than they did with those who shared their national frames shape our writing of women’s history? How do these divisions endure in the present debates around global feminist movements? Our essays do not definitively answer these questions. However, we suggest that a denationalized analysis of feminism can give us a clearer picture of women’s movements and subjectivities in the early twentieth century, within and beyond national contexts. We hope that our collective exploration about the potential benefits and challenges of transnational analysis sparks further debate and inquiry.

BackgroundThe Middle East and North Africa, is one of few regions where the number of new human immunodeficiency virus infections is increasing. The present study aimed to estimate the attributable burden of unsafe sex and drug use in Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa countries.MethodsWe used the Global Burden of Disease data 2017 to estimate the attributable mortality and disability-adjusted life-years to unsafe sex and drug use in Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa countries (21 countries) from 1990 to 2017 by region, sex and age. The percent change was calculated at three time points by country and sex.ResultsThe rate of Disability-adjusted life years/100,000 attributed to drug use for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome increased 1.10 (95% CI: 0.75–1.71) to 13.39 (95% CI: 9.98–18.17) in women of Middle East and North Africa countries from 1990 to 2017, and there is an increasing trend in Disability-adjusted life years attributable to drug use for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in men. The rate of Disability-adjusted life years/100,000 attributed to unsafe sex for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome increased in women of Middle East and North Africa countries, 5.15 (95% CI: 3.34–8.07) to 53.44 (95% CI: 38.79–75.89); and 10.06 (95% CI: 6.61–16.18) to 46.16 (95% CI: 31.30–72.66) in men. Age-standardized mortality rate attributed to drug use and unsafe sex for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome increased from 1990 to 2017 in both sex in Middle East and North Africa countries.ConclusionThe rate of Disability-adjusted life years /100,000 and age-standardized mortality rate attributed to unsafe sex and drug use increased in Middle East and North Africa from 1990 to 2017. While most of such countries have traditional cultures with religious believes, such increase need to be addressed in more depth by all policy makers.

As gas demand rises and operators turn to Unconventional gas reservoirs for new supplies, the need to optimize the capacity and recovery potential from this type of reservoir has risen. These Unconventional gas reservoirs represent a vast, long-term, global source of natural gas and have not been appraised in any systematic way. Unconventional gas resources—including tight sands constitute some of the largest components of remaining natural gas resources in the Middle East and North Africa. There is an emerging focus on tight gas reservoirs in the Middle East and North Africa to feed the growing energy needs in this region and save the oil from conventional resources for export and generation of hard currencies. The greatest challenge for tight gas is to generate economic flow, so technical capabilities are needed for effective development and production of tight gas reserves, such as mineralology/geology, geomechanics, petrophysics, well engineering, and hydraulic fracturing. During the last decade, 3-D seismic, horizontal drilling, and improved fracture stimulation have had significant impacts on tight gas production in many basins in the Middle East and North Africa. In this paper we will present a documentation of all the tight gas reservoirs available in the Middle East and North Africa, the challenges of developing these difficult resources, the role of modern technologies in managing tight gas and improving recovery factors, and highlight the best strategies for field development in tight gas reservoirs to capitalize on the promising potential of these reservoirs. The objective of this paper is to prepare data base to document all the tight gas reservoirs in the Middle East and North Africa and study the impact of technology on tight gas reservoir development in the emerging region.

Two decades after the fall of the shah, Iran is still going through a long and frequently interrupted post-revolutionary transition, which has a significant impact on the country's politics and its external relations. This paper discusses the implications of Iran's foreign policy on security in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region with a specific focus on the national security of Egypt. The study was carried out in Egypt and North Africa, and it studied a sample of 50 adult male and female professors who specialize in Iranian affairs, politics, and diplomats. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of Iran's foreign policy in the MENA region. The specific objectives of the study were: 1) to examine the current situation of Iran's foreign policy on security in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA); 2) to assess how Iran's foreign policy on security in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) impact’s on Egypt's stability and; 3) to investigate strategies being used by Egypt to navigate security challenges and improve relations with Iran. The study is based on the shock theory. Data gathered from interviews and questionnaires using both qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used in the research. After gathering the data, they were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The findings of the study indicate that security challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are highly complex and are influenced by various factors such as politics, history, economics, and religion. The insights contained herein form the basis for understanding how Iran's foreign policy affects regional security and geopolitical stability, thereby necessitating context-dependent measures to address contemporary security threats in the MENA region.

The peace process were any indication of the state of policy making in the Middle East and North Africa one might as well abandon any hopes of inspiring policy change in the desert. The types of think tanks one might find in the Middle East and North Africa depend largely on the relative degrees of democracy that exist from country to country. One interesting element to the policy research landscape that may be unique to the Middle East and North Africa is the existence of research corporation. A significant number of civil society think tanks in the Middle East and North Africa have had occasion to conduct research or training programs for government officials under contract. The development of nongovernmental, nonprofit policy research institutes, or civil society think tanks, represents an opportunity to fundamentally change the nature of policy making in the Middle East and North Africa.

Noncommunicable diseases are the major cause of death in low- and middle-income countries. Cardiovascular, Diabetes, and Kidney diseases are considered the deathliest types Among all types of noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study is to investigate the death rates of Cardiovascular, Diabetes, and Kidney Diseases in developing countries particularly the Middle East and North Africa and compare their rates with the industrialized countries, the United States, and the European Union, over the period 1990-2019. Graphical and numerical diagrams were created for comparison purposes and proved by statistical analysis. The European Union has the highest death rate caused by Cardiovascular diseases over all remaining regions followed by the United States and the Middle East & North Africa. Concerning Diabetes and Kidney diseases, the United States has the highest death rate followed by the European Union and the Middle East & North Africa. For the last five years, the death rates of both types of diseases under this study in the Middle East & North Africa have increased gradually for both genders, especially the rates of Cardiovascular diseases for males and Diabetes and Kidney diseases for females. The results of this study can help legislators in the health sector of the Middle East and North Africa countries to develop robust strategies for Cardiovascular, Diabetes, and Kidney Disease prevention.

BACKGROUND: The burden of CVD and diabetes is rapidly increasing in the Middle East and North Africa. However, the impact of major dietary and metabolic risk factors on CVD and diabetes has not yet been quantified in this region. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the CVD and diabetes mortality attributable to non-optimal diet and metabolic risk factors in the Middle East and North Africa. METHODS: We used a comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the number of disease-specific deaths attributable to 14 dietary and 4 metabolic risk factors by age and sex. The specific inputs we assessed for this analysis included the current national exposure distribution, the etiological effect of risk factor on disease-specific mortality, the alternative exposure distribution associated with the lowest possible disease risk, and the total number of disease-specific deaths in the population. We obtained these inputs as a part of our work in the 2010 GBD study. Using a multi-level hierarchical Bayesian model, we imputed missing exposure data based on non-missing exposure data from other regions and available data on other characteristics in the region or country with the missing data of interest. The first three inputs were used to compute the disease-specific Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) for each dietary and metabolic risk factor. Disease-specific mortality was determined using the PAF and the fourth input. The robustness of the findings was evaluated by their sensitivity to varying assumptions, including likely effect sizes and feasible optimal levels. RESULTS: In 2008, overweight/obesity and high fasting plasma glucose were responsible for 123,000 and 107,000 cardiometabolic deaths, respectively, in the Middle East and North Africa. Other dietary and metabolic risk factors also caused a substantial number of deaths in this region ( Figure ). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings inform priorities for policy measures to improve diet and reduce metabolic risk factors to prevent CVD and diabetes in the Middle East and North Africa.

A business may adopt a strategy for sustainability and may implement its strategy in its practice. Our question is, how are strategy and practice coupled and shaped by entrepreneurs and businesses embedded in national eco-systems in the Middle East and North Africa and around the world? Businesses were randomly sampled and surveyed in 2021, and national conditions were assessed by experts in ten countries in the Middle East and North Africa and in Spain and other countries around the world, as part of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Strategy and practice are found to have a loose coupling but are tighter in the Middle East and North Africa than in Spain. Strategy is promoted by support from businesses and governments, but support depends on national wealth. Strategy and practice by entrepreneurs and businesses are promoted by the entrepreneurs’ human and social capital and the value of making a difference in the world and continuing a family tradition. Findings contribute to understanding business engagement with sustainability, specifically in the Middle East and North Africa, as compared to Spain and in a global perspective.