24 Y-chromosomal STR haplotypic structure for Chinese Kazak ethnic group and its genetic relationships with other groups.

In the present study, 24 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci were analyzed in 115 unrelated Hui male individuals from Haiyuan county or Tongxin county, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, to evaluate the forensic application of the 24 STR loci and to analyze interpopulation differentiations by making comparisons between the Hui group data and previously published data of other 13 populations. A total of 115 different haplotypes were observed on these 24 Y-STR loci. The gene diversities ranged from 0.4049 (DYS437) to 0.9729 (DYS385a, b). The overall haplotype diversity was 1 at AGCU 24 Y-STR loci level, while the values were reduced to 0.999237, 0.996949, and 0.996644 at the Y-filer 17 loci, 11 Y-STR loci of extended haplotype and 9 Y-STR loci of minimal haplotype levels, respectively; whereas, haplotype diversity for additional 7 loci (not included in Y-filer 17 loci) was 0.995271. The pairwise FST , multidimensional scaling plot and neighbor-joining tree indicated the Hui group had the closest genetic relationship with Sala in the paternal lineage in the present study. In summary, the results in our study indicated the 24 Y-STRs had a high level of polymorphism in Hui group and hence could be a powerful tool for forensic application and population genetic study.

Genetic analysis of 24 Y-STR loci in the Miao ethnic minority from Yunnan Province, southwestern China

In the present study, 24 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci were analyzed in 250 unrelated Hani male individuals from Lvchun county, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. The gene diversity of the 24 Y-STR loci in the studied Hani group ranged from 0.2683 (DYS437) to 0.8837 (DYS447). According to haplotypic analysis of the 24 Y-STR loci, 204 different haplotypes were obtained, 174 of which were unique. The haplotype diversity and discrimination capacity in Hani group were 0.9977 and 0.8160 at 24 STR loci, respectively. Six single non-fraction off-ladder alleles were observed at DYS447 in 103 samples, in addition to the alleles 19 to 28 included in the allelic ladder, alleles 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 were also observed at DYS447. One intermediate allele 20.2 was observed in one individual at DYS527a/b. We analyzed interpopulation differentiations by making comparisons between Yunnan Hani group and other 17 groups. The results of pairwise genetic distances, multidimensional scaling plot, and neighbor-joining tree at the same set of 17 Y-filer loci indicated that Yunnan Hani group had the closer genetic relationships with Yunnan Han group. The present results may provide useful information for paternal lineages in forensic cases and can also increase our understanding of the genetic relationships between Hani and other groups.

Genetic polymorphisms and haplotypic structure analysis of the Guizhou Gelao ethnic group based on 35 Y-STR loci.

The analysis of Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci is a powerful tool in forensic casework. The aim of this study was to present the 17 Y-STR loci haplotype distributions of groups of population living in Taiwan and to demonstrate genetic distances between the groups as well as multidimensional scaling plot based on Y-STR genotype data. Five hundred and fifteen DNA samples from unrelated males of seven groups of population, including Taiwanese Han, two groups of indigenous Taiwanese of Taiwan Island, Tao, mainland Chinese, Filipinos, and a group of people with European, Near Eastern, or South Asian ancestry, were analyzed using a commercial kit that co-amplifies 17 Y-STRs. A total of 471 different haplotypes with 440 unique haplotypes were identified. The overall haplotype diversity was 0.9995 +/- 0.0002. High haplotype diversity was observed in six groups of population, except the Tao. These Y-STRs revealed a low discrimination capacity in the Tao population (36.84%), which should be considered in forensic practice. The multidimensional scaling plot of these seven groups of population constructed based on the genetic distances according to 17 Y-STR loci presented a clear patrilineal genetic substructure in the area. Partial Y-STRs profiling reduced the discrimination capacity in most groups of population and distorted the multidimensional scaling plot.

China harbors 56 ethnic groups, including Korean, with a population size of approximately 1.92 million at the 2010 census. Most of the Koreans live in Northeastern parts of China, including Jilin (59.64%), Heilongjiang (20.21%), and Liaoning (12.55%) provinces, and the rest are spread to other parts of China. Koreans across China share a common culture, which is similar to Korea. We have explored the genetic characteristics of 20 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci in 252 unrelated Chinese Korean male individuals from Jilin Province, using a Goldeneye 20Y amplification kit. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis was performed between the Korean population and other relevant populations based on the Y-STR haplotypes. We have found 237 different haplotypes among 252 unrelated individuals. The haplotype frequencies ranged from 0.0238 to 0.0040, while gene diversity ranged from 0.9666 (DYS385a/b) to 0.2260 (DYS391). The random match probability was 0.0048, the haplotype diversity was 0.9992 ± 0.0006 and discrimination capacity was 0.9405. Population comparison revealed that Korean populations are lining up together with other Korean populations from East Asia. Our results showed that the 20 Y-STR loci in the Yanbian Korean population are valuable for forensic application and human genetics. The Yanbian Koreans have lined up with other Korean population from China and Korea while showing significant differences from other East Asian populations.

A total of 39 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci included in the advanced commercial six-dye multiplex system (AGCU Database Y30 kit) and a custom-designed four-dye multiplex system were investigated in 259 unrelated healthy Chinese males residing in Henan Province, central China. The haplotype diversity (HD) values were 0.99997 and 1.0000 for the six and four fluorescent-multiplex amplification systems, respectively. The discrimination capacity (DC) values were 0.9961 and 1.0000, respectively. When the 39 Y-STR loci were considered, 259 unique haplotypes were obtained in Henan Han individuals with both the haplotype diversity and discrimination capacity being 1.000. The gene diversity (GD) of 39 Y-STR loci in the studied group ranged from 0.3956 (DYS588) to 0.9990 (DYF403S1). Population comparisons between the Henan Han and 24 reference groups were performed. Both multidimensional scaling plots and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that significant genetic differences existed between Henan Han and reference ethnic minorities of China, particularly the Tibetan, Uighur, and Mongolian populations. Moreover, the results indicated that 39 Y-STRs included in the two fluorescent-multiplex amplification systems are highly polymorphic and informative in the studied populations and can be employed as complementary tools for forensic application and human genetics research.

Background The analysis of Y chromosomal genetic markers is of great significance in human genetic fields related to male individuals. The Han nationality is the most populous ethnic group. It is critical to investigate the Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) genetic informativeness of Han nationalities in different Chinese regions in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of their paternal genetic relationships and origin. Aim To assess the allelic and haplotypic polymorphisms of the novel AGCU Y SUPP STR amplification system containing seven Y-STRs in the maximal dataset of the Y-STR Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD) and 17 newly included Y-STRs, and explore the genetic relationships among the Shaanxi Han population and 12 reference populations from China. Subjects and methods A total sample of 220 Han male subjects were obtained from the Shaanxi Province, China, and genotyped by the novel AGCU Y SUPP STR amplification system. Multiplex population genetic analyses derived from the same 16 Y-STR loci were carried out among the Shaanxi Han population and 12 reference populations from China. Results The gene diversities (GD) ranged from the maximum value of 0.9609 (DYS385a,b) to the minimum value of 0.5441 (DYS531). Besides, 217 distinct haplotypes were detected wholly in 220 individuals, of which 214 (98.62%) were exclusive. The entire haplotype diversity (HD) and discrimination capacity (DC) were 0.9999 and 0.9864, respectively, while the haplotype match probability (HMP) was 0.0045. Among the reference populations, the obtained results of population genetic analyses revealed that the Shaanxi Han population had the largest genetic distance with the Guangxi Yao group, but the smallest genetic distance with the Hunan Tujia group. Conclusions These Y-STR loci in the AGCU Y SUPP STR amplification system were of high genetic polymorphisms and the amplification system could be used as a prospective complementary tool for forensic application and paternal genetics in the Shaanxi Han population.

Linguistic and ethnic diversity throughout the Himalayas suggests that this mountain range played an important role in shaping the genetic landscapes of the region. Previous Y-chromosome work revealed that the Himalayas acted as a biased bidirectional barrier to gene flow across the cordillera. In the present study, 17 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci included in the AmpFlSTR® Yfiler kit were analyzed in 344 unrelated males from three Nepalese populations (Tamang, Newar, and Kathmandu) and a general collection from Tibet. The latter displays the highest haplotype diversity (0.9990) followed by Kathmandu (0.9977), Newar (0.9570), and Tamang (0.9545). The overall haplotype diversity for the Himalayan populations at 17 Y-STR loci was 0.9973, and the corresponding values for the extended (11 loci) and minimal (nine loci) haplotypes were 0.9955 and 0.9942, respectively. No Y-STR profiles are shared across the four Himalayan collections at the 17-, 11-, and nine-locus resolutions considered, indicating a lack of recent gene flow among them. Phylogenetic analyses support our previous findings that Kathmandu, and to some extent Newar, received significant genetic influence from India while Tamang and Tibet exhibit limited or no gene flow from the subcontinent. A median-joining network of haplogroup O3a3c-M134 based on 15 Y-STR loci from our four Himalayan populations suggests either a male founder effect in Tamang, possibly from Tibet, or a recent bottleneck following their arrival south of the Himalayas from Tibet leading to their highly reduced Y single-nucleotide polymorphism and Y-STR diversity. The genetic uniqueness of the four Himalayan populations examined in this study merits the creation of separate databases for individual identification, parentage analysis, and population genetic studies.

In this study, we investigated the genetic polymorphisms of 24 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci in 885 unrelated Chinese Han male individuals from Guangdong Province, using a domestic AGCU Y24 STR kit. A total of 878 different haplotypes were observed at the 24 Y-STR loci; among them, 871 haplotypes were unique and 7 haplotypes occurred twice. The overall haplotype diversity was 0.99998 and the discrimination capacity was 99.2%. The gene diversity values ranged from 0.4354 at DYS438 to 0.9606 at DYS385a/b. Population relationships between the Guangdong Han population and seven other published Chinese populations were evaluated by Rst values and visualized in a two multi-dimensional scaling plot. The results showed the 24 Y-STR loci are highly polymorphic in Guangdong Han population and of great value in forensic application.

To study the distribution of haplotypes of Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STR) loci among three ethnic minorities from Guizhou, China. Twenty four Y-STR loci of 174 unrelated males were amplified with a Microreader(TM)24Y Direct ID System kit. Capillary electrophoresis was carried out on an ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzer, and the data was analyzed with GeneMapper software. Seventy six haplotypes were identified for the 24 Y-STR loci among the three ethnic minorities, including 13 from the Qiangs, 35 from the Manchurians, and 28 from the Shes, with the corresponding Haplotype Diversity (HD) being 0.7327, 0.9578, and 0.9344. Genetic distance between the Shes and Qiangs was relatively close, whilst that for Manchurians was relatively far. Analysis of the genetic characteristics and relationship of the three ethnic minorities from Guizhou can provide a reference for the study of their origin, evolution and patrilineal fusion.

To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 17 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats(Y-STR) loci in She ethnic population from Fujian province, and to evaluate their forensic application values and genetic relationship with other 11 populations, 152 unrelated male individuals of She ethnic population in Fujian were used to determine the distribution of allele frequencies and haplotypes by using Y-filerTM System. Cluster analysis and phylogenic trees were applied to show the genetic distance among the populations. As a result, 50 haplotypes were found in DYS385a/b loci, and 3～11 alleles were found in the rest 15 Y-STR loci. The GD value was from 0.4037(DYS391) to 0. 9725(DYS385a/b). This study has also revealed "off-ladder" alleles at several Y-loci, namely DYS448, DYS393, DYS458 and DYS635, and several occurrences of duplications at the DYS385a/b, DYS19 and DYS390 loci. One hundred and forty-four haplotypes were found in 17 Y-STR loci, of which 138 were unique, 5 were found in 2 individuals, 1 was found in 4 individuals, and the observed haplotypes diversity value was 0.9990. Comparing with 11 populations, the genetic distance between She ethnic and Han population in Zhejiang was the smallest (0.0042), while it was the largest between She ethnic and Tibet ethnic population (0.2380). Cluster analysis and phylogenetic tree both demonstrated that genetic distance between She ethnic and several south Han populations is closer than between She ethnic and non-Han populations. Multiplex detection of the 17 Y-STR loci revealed a highly polymorphic genetic distribution, which would be very powerful for establishing a Y-STR database, for population genetics and forensic practice.

Y-STR profiling in two Afghanistan populations

Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-chromosome STR loci in a Serbian population sample from Vojvodina province

Evaluation of haplotype discrimination capacity of 35 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat loci