23] Orienting synthetic and negative biological membranes for time-averaged and time-resolved structure determinations

Abstract

Publisher Summary Knowledge of the structure of biological membranes can provide a basis for understanding their functional role at a molecular level. The detailed enzymatic steps involved in processes such as the active transport of ions across otherwise impermeable membrane bilayers, the passive gating actions of ion channels, energy transduction processes (oxidative phosphorylation), light energy ion gradient transduction, and receptor/channel regulatory processes require the knowledge of both the biochemical and biophysical properties of a membrane. The correlation of a specific biochemically characterized event with an associated structural event can help in the understanding of the way biological membranes function. Methods for ordering and orienting membranes should (1) preserve the functionality of a membrane—in particular, the enzymatic or biological processes it performs, (2) not alter the inherent structure of the membrane—in particular, the conformation of proteins, and (3) where possible, be verified by other techniques to ensure that a proper order and/or orientation has been achieved.