Abstract
Viruses have been considered an important environmental factor in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Coxsackie virus/enterovirus, mumps virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella virus, retrovirus, EBV, hepatitis A virus, varicella zoster virus, measles virus, poliovirus, influenza virus, and rotavirus have been implicated as potential causal agents for human type 1 diabetes. In addition, EMC virus, Kilham rat virus (KRV), Coxsackie virus, retrovirus, rubella virus, Bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus (BVD-MD) virus, Mengovirus, foot and mouth disease virus, and CMV are known to be associated with the development of type 1 diabetes in animals. However, the precise etiology for the involvement of viruses and their pathogenic mechanisms, particularly in human type 1 diabetes, are poorly understood. The identification of causative viruses in human type 1 diabetes is extremely difficult. The acute phase of viral infection may be already passed by the time the diabetes symptoms are shown. In addition, it is difficult to distinguish between diabetogenic and non-diabetogenic variants of the same virus by serological tests. A large prospective cohort study in prediabetic or genetically susceptible individuals as well as newly diabetic patients may help to understand the viral etiology of type 1 diabetes in humans.
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