Abstract
The first determinations of osmotic pressures of proteins were made by Starling. He filtered blood serum through a gelatin membrane and obtained a solution that contained the crystalloid constituents of serum but from which the proteins had been withheld. Measurements of the osmotic pressures of the unfiltered serum and of the protein-free filtrate showed that the serum proteins gave osmotic pressures of 30–40 mm Hg. Starling's determinations have been of fundamental importance in physiology, especially in studies of the production and re-absorption of tissue fluid and of the function of renal glomeruli. The membranes used by Starling were of calf peritoneum mounted on tubes of silver gauze and coated with gelatin. Proctor and his colleagues Burton and Wilson studied the osmotic swelling of gelatin chloride in solutions of hydrochloric acid, and developed methods for estimating the net excess of inorganic ions within a jelly or a membrane.
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