Abstract
The large or small scale of a landslide is a natural, widespread process, resulting from the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials, such as sculpting the landscape. Characterized landslide material and properties’ inhomogeneities conditions become a challenge as the process required the availability of a wide range of data, observations, and measurements with an evaluation of geological and hydrological conditions. Detailed investigations represent an essential component of the landslide risk mitigation process, relying on subsurface investigations, discrete subsurface sampling, and laboratory tests. To extend this approach, seismic refraction and two-dimensional (2-D) resistivity were utilized to study the landslides activities in Ulu Yam. The cross-plot analysis was introduced to integrate the geophysical results based on the criteria of the model. Velocity distributions from seismic refraction revealed the stiffness of the soil, where weak zones identified with values of Vp ≤ 1200 m/s, defined as threshold frequency for failure to occur. The 2-D resistivity shows that the weak zones were identified with resistivity values of <1200 Ωm. The 2-D cross-plot model gives a comprehensive interpretation where a low velocity and resistivity value represents the failure plane of materials to failure. The volume of mass sliding was calculated based on retrieved information from the model.
Highlights
The Peninsular Malaysia granite is distributed into three parallel belts, known as Western (WB), Central (CB), and Eastern belts (EB)
The result of 2-D resistivity and seismic refraction were discussed with integration of the data using cross-plot analysis
The weak zones, suspected to be landslides with sliding, were determined from the 2-D cross plot model. It reveals that the failure plane occurred at a depth of
Summary
Landslides are characterized by a mass movement of soil and rocks on slopes that occur across the globe due to several factors [1,2]. Landslides, known as the most destructive types of geohazards, affect human activities, and have serious socioeconomics consequences [3]. Landslides are referred to as ‘mass-wasting’, which occurs due to the down-slope movement of soil and rocks in a large variety of shapes and volume [3,4]. Landslides are widespread in many regions, especially under tropical or subtropical climates with prolonged and intense rainfall [6,7]. The worldwide distribution of landslides is not uniform, with landslides occurring primarily where the requisite topographic, climatic, and environmental conditions are prevalent [8]
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