Abstract
This study identified differences in plasma metabolites among three groups of dairy cows: type I ketotic (K1), type II ketotic (K2), and healthy control cows (C). 50 cows with two or three parities were selected at 7–28 days postpartum. Cows were classified as type I ketotic (K1, 20 cows), type II ketotic (K2, 20 cows), or healthy control cows (C, 10 cows). Plasma metabolomic profiles were analyzed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance technology (1H NMR). The data were processed by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Results-The results revealed that OPLS-DA was more effective at distinguishing amongst the three groups. Additionally, there were seven different metabolites between K2 and C, 19 different metabolites between K1 and C, and 24 different metabolites between K1 and K2. Therefore, the combination of 1H-NMR and multivariate statistical analyses can effectively distinguish the differential metabolites among the K1, K2, and C groups, thereby providing important information on the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and prevention of type I and type II ketosis in dairy cows.
Highlights
Ketosis is a metabolic disease that affects dairy cows during transition periods [1]
Ketosis is closely related to negative energy balance (NEB), poor appetite, and high milk production during early lactation, which may contribute to inadequate energy intakes [2]
Metabolomics comprise nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and metabolite chips [8]. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance technology technology (1H-NMR) is a non-invasive technology that allows sample testing with good objectivity and reproducibility, no laborious pretreatment steps, high throughput, and low costs compared to GC-MS or LC-MS [9]
Summary
Ketosis is a metabolic disease that affects dairy cows during transition periods [1]. Type I ketosis generally occurs 3–6 weeks postpartum and is characterized by hypoglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and high fatty acid and ketone levels. Type II ketosis is characterized by hyperglycemia or normal glucose levels, hyperinsulemia, and high non-essential fatty acid (NEFA) levels. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance technology technology (1H-NMR) is a non-invasive technology that allows sample testing with good objectivity and reproducibility, no laborious pretreatment steps, high throughput, and low costs compared to GC-MS or LC-MS [9]. The discovery of disease biomarkers by 1H-NMR coupled to multivariate statistical analyses will provide novel ideas regarding disease pathogenesis and prevention strategies. Metabolomics has been used in metabolic profiles and pathogenesis of human diseases (e.g., liver cirrhosis, bladder cancer, diabetes, and lupus erythematosus) [11,12,13,14], and in the description of pathological diseases, discovery of novel biomarkers, and elucidation of metabolic regulatory pathways.
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