1824, la campaña final: documentos del Archivo General de la Nación en el bicentenario de las batallas de Junín y Ayacucho

Researchers in major Mexico City archives in the early 1970s had access to very few finding aids for historical documents and record sets. Since then, archivists and researchers have worked diligently to organize record sets and create catalogues for an untold number of documents. Since the early twenty-first century, researchers in the Archivo General de la Nación, the Archivo Histórico de la Ciudad de México, the Archivo Histórico del Arzobispado de México, the Archivo Histórico de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, and the Archivo General de Notarías have been able to access databases, searchable PDF catalogues, and a small array of digital collections. Work toward inventorying and cataloguing record sets began long before the development of technologies available today. Typescript catalogues for record sets in the Archivo Histórico de la Ciudad de México date from the 1920s. Work on inventories, card catalogues, typescripts, and published catalogues for record sets in the Archivo General de la Nación and the Archivo Histórico de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional began during the 1930s and 1940s. Work on cataloguing the documents in the Archivo General de Notarías and the Archivo Histórico del Arzobispado de México began during the 1980s and 1990s. Since the early twenty-first century researchers have been able to access databases, searchable PDF catalogues, and a limited number of digitized documents for all these major archives. New technologies began to make digitization possible, and thus Mexican libraries, along with archives, began to digitize primary and secondary sources. Some of those projects involve digitizing microfilm; others involve digitizing complete record sets and printed books. Still others involve transcriptions of historical documents. While the scope and quality of those projects vary from institution to institution, all create heretofore unimaginable access to historical documents.

Dona Catalina Acero de Vargas, a 16-year-old Spanish noblewoman from Santafe in the Nuevo Reino de Granada (today, Bogota), escaped in 1675 from her brother's house and ran off with Francisco Suare...

Consecrated Transactions: Of Marketplaces, Passion Plays and other Nahua-Christian Devotions

Afirmar que “la historia generalmente ha sido descrita por los ganadores” es una realidad que ha generado numerosas narrativas nacionalistas y reinvindicativas, especialmente cuando se trata de hechos que desembocaron en procesos de independencias y revoluciones políticas. Afortunadamente, en aras de una mayor comprensión de los eventos y actores involucrados, ha surgido una historiografía que estudia (o al menos incluye) la perspectiva de los vencidos: textos como los de Brian Hamnett, Marcela Echeverri, Alexandra Sevilla y otros, dan cuenta de ello, al ofrecer unos análisis más holísticos que los tradicionales[1]. El texto de Carlos Murgueitio se ubica en dicha línea, al reconstruir las motivaciones, los intereses, las ideologías y las dinámicas de las alianzas y lealtades que se expresaron en La Española durante la primera fase de la Revolución Francesa y la Guerra de la Convención, es decir, entre 1789 y 1795.

This article analyzes the practice and professional status of Colombian homeopaths in the twentieth century, based on applications for licenses in the "Teguas" series in the Archivo General de la Nación. Within the historical context of the practice of medicine in Colombia, it studies homeopathic practice within the framework of the debate between licensed and permitted medicine. In that context, the field of homeopathy was subordinate to university medicine and homeopaths were a group of practitioners who were neither homogeneous nor organized, but characterized by their shared struggle to become "entitled" to practice, and their advocacy of professional status through constant litigation against official reprimands.

Reviewed by: A Description of Distant Roads: Original Journals of the First Expedition into California, 1769–1770 W. Michael Mathes A Description of Distant Roads: Original Journals of the First Expedition into California, 1769–1770. By Juan Crespí . Edited and translated by Alan K. Brown . (San Diego: San Diego State University Press. 2001. Pp. xv, 848. $60.00.) Spanish settlement in the modern State of California, immediately following expulsion of Jesuit missionaries from Baja California in 1768, was primarily a task of the Franciscan Order. The triumvirate of initial establishment in Franciscan California consisted of friars Junípero Serra, the founder; Francisco Palóu, the chronicler; and Juan Crespí, the explorer. While Serra is well known internationally, and Palóu locally, Crespí is relatively unknown other than to historians. [End Page 814] To some degree this is the result of Palóu's and Serra's writings having been published in English translations by such scholars as Herbert E. Bolton, Maynard J. Geiger, O.F.M., and Antonine Tibesar, O.F.M., while, prior to the work reviewed herein, the complete diaries of Juan Crespí's travels in Alta California have been available only in manuscript form in Spanish in the Curia Generalizia Ordinis Fratrum Minorum, Rome, and Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico. Crespí, born in Palma, Mallorca, in 1721, studied with Palóu in its Franciscan college under Serra. Crespí accompanied both his mentor and his classmate to New Spain in 1749 and served with them in the Sierra Gorda missions in Querétaro until 1767, when they were assigned to replace Jesuit missionaries in Baja California. Destined to La Purísima Concepción de Cadegomó, shortly thereafter Crespí was named as clerical leader of the initial overland expedition for establishment of San Diego in Alta California under Fernando de Rivera y Moncada. Leaving La Purísima on February 26, 1769, Crespí reached the northernmost ex-Jesuit mission of Santa María de los Angeles on March 20 and from there he joined Rivera and José de Cañizares at Velicatá, whence they followed the 1766 route of Wenceslaus Linck, S.J., into the Sierra San Pedro Mártir and subsequently to San Diego Bay between March 22 and May 13. The journals of Crespí and Cañizares of this leg of the expedition were published in 2003, translated and annotated in detail by Harry W. Crosby. After some four decades of research, translating, and annotating, Alan K. Brown, a linguist-historian, has happily finally found a publisher for his exhaustive work on Crespí's complete journals of the first inland-overland exploration of Alta California. The documents are introduced with detailed and well-researched historical, bibliographical, and linguistic studies of them. The journals, containing a wealth of geographical, ethnographical, historical, botanical, and zoological detail, from newly-founded San Diego de Alcalá to the discovery of San Francisco Bay in sight of Point Reyes (July 14 to November 11, 1769), the return from San Francisco Bay to San Diego (November 11, 1769-January 24, 1770), from San Diego to the foundation of Monterey (April 16-June 3, 1770), and the scantily recorded sojourn in Monterey (June 3-November 11) noting freezing weather at the bay on November 9 and 11, are meticulously palaeographed into eighteenth-century Castilian and similarly translated into English, each version printed on facing pages. Annotations to variances between the two manuscripts are noted, and Spanish/English endnotes are provided as are annotations to suitable mission sites, and an exhaustive bibliography of writings and works relative to Crespí, journals and writings of Serra, Portolá, and Costansó, relevant contemporary manuscripts, and published documents and studies. A general topical, geographical, and nominal index is also included. While not a particularly handsome volume, the book is well composed, proofed, and bound. This reviewer finds only two grievous faults: a lack of detailed route maps to establish localities named by Crespí, and the determination of a tiro de mosquete as 300-350 yards (a lifetime shooter of numerous black-powder [End Page 815] muskets, I would be glad to stand all day at 300 yards and let a Spanish soldier shoot at me—75-100 yards is the...

This article examines the enduring importance of handwriting in the early republic of Colombia. Colonial practice informed writing instruction but Colombians re‐established it in national terms from the 1820s onward. Teaching writing became a critical tool of state formation: an ideal republic of virtuous functionaries depended on uniform handwriting. “Colombian penmanship” measured teacher effectiveness and student performance. Annual public school examinations enforced new political authority and social continuity. Writing samples expressed gender values, imagining boys as faithful citizens and hard workers, girls as graceful wives and dutiful daughters. Yet Colombian schools expected both boys and girls to perfect their penmanship to best express the virtues of good marriage, true friendship and lasting loyalty. Research in the Archivo General de la Nación (Bogotá, Colombia) Fondo de Ministerio de la Instrucción Pública forms the basis of this study.

The compiler publishes the last will and testament of don Alonso de Axayacatl, nephew of Moctezuma and ruler of Iztapalapa in the sixteenth century. The originals of this will and of a document in which don Alonso establishes a chaplaincy are in the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico. They are important for the study of land tenure and inheritance systems in the Valley of Mexico during both the pre-Conquest and Colonial periods.

Dollar Diplomacy by Force: Nation-Building and Resistance in the Dominican Republic

Systematic research on translation and censorship in Francoist Spain started roughly ten years after the dismantling of the regime’s censorship apparatus in 1985, following the opening of the censorship archives at the Archivo General de la Administración (AGA) in Alcalá de Henares. Since then, numerous comprehensive studies on the translation of various genres have been produced, all of them making extensive use of the censorship files issued and archived by the regime as their main source of information. However, little to no reflection has been done on the structure, usefulness and reliability of those data. This paper examines archival sources in translation and censorship, delving into the AGA’s history and structure, as well as its unique position as a censorship repository. It describes the AGA’s document collections on censored cultural artefacts and the possibilities they afford to study the impact of censorship on the translation of various text types. Ultimately, it argues that while AGA data have proved to be a key component in censorship research in Spain, complementary information is essential in reconstructing translation activity at the time and to ascertain how textual changes observed in censored translations came about.

This article examines several libraries assembled by the Society of Jesus in their college and missions in Northern Mexico (in the present-day Mexican State of Chihuahua), where Jesuits have been a constant presence from the seventeenth century, interrupted only temporarily by the Society’s suppression. All their bibliographic collections were transferred, dispersed, or looted after the general expulsion of 1767. Archival materials preserved in repositories such as the Archivo General de la Nación in Mexico City, however, enable a reconstruction of these libraries. This essay argues that these collections constituted a sort of “cultural oasis” (Michael Mathes). They provided arsenals of knowledge for missionaries in distant places with harsh living conditions and show the strong and lasting bond between Jesuits and print culture even in the most remote and adverse of conditions.

Located in the Archivo General de la Nación (Ramo Historia, volume 392, pages 309-312), this particular document written in Yaqui with a contemporary translation is of importance linguistically. However, taken together with the two accompanying Spanish letters written by Jesuit missionaries, it sheds light on the state of the mission system of the Jesuits in Northwestern Mexico. Through these documents, written by both Indian and missionary, the confusion of these Indians, as caused by the conduct of missionary Francisco Ortiz, is seen.

The Testaments of Toluca

Little is known of the life of Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón, author of one of our major sources on ancient Mesoamerican religion. The ethnologist Noemí Quezada discovered, transcribed and presents here a manuscript from the papers of theInquisition in the Archivo General de la Nación in which Ruiz de Alarcón is accused before the Holy Office of having celebrated more than one auto da fe during 1613-1614 in Atenango, today in the State of Guerrero. The documents contain information on witchcraft, the use of the drug ololiuhqui and Alarcón's persecution of Indians who had relapsed to their native practices.

This article brings to light censorship documents about Argentinian film La dama duende (1945) that is preserved in the Archivo General de la Administración of Alcalá de Henares, files number 9425 and 9426. Censors opinions clarify the reasons for its prohibition and provide new information about the film.